Efficiency, of chemical reaction

One of the most exciting phenomenon in biochemistry is molecular recognition enabling outstanding selectivity and efficiency of chemical reactions... 

The concept of atom economy was developed by B. M. Trost which deals with chemical reactions that do not waste atoms. Atom economy describes the conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved. It is widely used to focus on the need to improve the efficiency of chemical reactions. 

From these early studies it became clear that both the type and efficiency of chemical reactions occurring in polymeric solids as a result of excitation by radiation will depend in no small degree on the amount of molecular motion which can occur in the solid during the lifetime of the excitation, or the transient intermediates that result from energy deposition. 

In biology, both the specificity and the efficiency of chemical reactions crucially depend upon the selective recognition of cross-talking molecules. This generally re-... 

Here Xe is the coefficient of anharmonicity and B is the normalizing factor. Comparison of the parabolic-exponential Treanor distribution with the linear-exponential Boltzmann distribution is illustrated in Fig. 3-3. A population of highly vibrationally excited levels at TV > To can be many orders of magnitude higher than that predicted by the Boltzmaim distribution even at vibrational temperature. The Treanor distribntion resnlts in very high rates and energy efficiencies of chemical reactions stimulated by vibrational excitation in plasma. 

Here Too is the initial gas temperature in the tank before the supersonic nozzle. If the initial Mach number is not very close to unity, the critical heat release can be estimated as g cr CpToo. Numerical values of the critical heat release at different initial Mach numbers for the supersonic CO2 flow can also be found in Fig. 5 1. Further increase of the heat release in plasma over the critical value leads to the formation of non-steady-state flow perturbations like shock waves, which do no good to a non-equilibrium plasma-chemical system. Even taking into account the high energy efficiency of chemical reactions in supersonic flows, the critical heat release seriously restricts the specific energy input ... 

Catalysts to increase the rate and improve the efficiency of chemical reactions (cure time and cross-linking). 

The reality is that the only way to turn any kind of human activity into a science necessarily involves reducing and parameterizing that activity in terms of numbers that can be manipulated by some kind of calculation operations. The benefit of this approach is that the activity becomes reliable and predictable. One of the hallmarks of science, and chemistry in particular, is reproducibility of results. In synthesis, those results are the outcomes of following recipes for making substances. When a new kind of chemical reaction or sequence of reaction steps is discovered that connects one kind of molecular structure to another by a reliable methodology that is also efficient, then that is truly magic. It is the hope that this book will shift the chefistry-chemistry equilibrium toward the chanistry end when it comes to analyzing efficiencies of chemical reactions and synthesis plans. The way to cause this shift is education. 

A similar conclusion was arrived by Clark et al. [56] on the energy efficiency of chemical reactions and there is a high reduction in the energy consumption when switching from conventional process to microwave heating. 

We will need these conversions between molar quantities and mass quantities to measure the efficiency of chemical reactions in Section 5.4. 

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