Effects of Electron-Donating Groups EDG

5+ EWGs are deactivating toward eiectrophiiic aromatic substitution 

Because electron-withdrawing groups would destabilize an adjacent carboca-tion, addition of the electrophile to the meta position gives a more stable sigma complex intermediate. Since meta is the major product obtained, electron-withdrawing groups are known as meta directors.  

EWGs Are Meta Directing for Electrophilic Aromatic Substitntion 

Halogens cannot be simply described as electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups, since they have characteristics of both. Bromine is an ortho/para director because it can offer resonance stabilization to an adjacent carbocation with its lone pairs of electrons (like EDGs). However, this 

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