Effector kinases

Figure 1 Partial representation of a signal transduction network, mediated by a cell surface receptor. The molecules are organized hierarchically (roughly, from top to bottom) according to their functions as adaptors, receptor-recruited enzymes, membrane-associated substrates, and effector kinases. Arrows represent activation mechanisms, whether by complex formation or covalent modification V bars indicate negative regulation.

P-arrestins, which inhibit receptor/G-coupling, and phosducin, which has been proposed to function as an inhibitor of G-protein activation. Protein kinase A is the effector kinase of the system which modulates cellular functions by phos-phorylating key proteins of multiple cellular processes. In addition, it has feedback functions at the level of receptor/G-coupling and of phosducin/G-coupling. 

Stracker, T.H., Usui, T., and Petrini, J.H. (2009) Taking the time to make important decisions the checkpoint effector kinases Chkl and Chk2 and the DNA damage response. DNA Repair, 8, 1047-1054. 

Descriptors such as sensors, master switches, adaptors/media-tors, and effector kinases suggest an understanding of the mechanism by which DNA damage signal is transduced to regulate cellular processes. 

Evidence regarding a role for Rho in regulating ERM proteins in neutrophils is complex [443]. Treatment of neutrophils with C3 exotoxin (which inhibits Rho) reduces the resting level of phosphorylated moesin. However, inhibition of the downstream effector kinase of Rho, ROCK, does not decrease phosphorylated moesin in resting cells. 

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