Effect of annealing

Figure 19.5. Effect of annealing on room temperature crystallinity of acetal homopolymer resin. (Films moulded at 210°C, quenched to 50 C.) (After Hammer et al")...

Fig. 10. The effect of annealing on the normalized thermal conductivity of irradiated graphite and graphite composites.

Figure 3.5. Eflett of temperature on the tensile strength of copper (A) effect of annealing on strength and ductility (B) hardened high-conductivity copper 129. ...

The usual cooling rate was about 100 K/h, but some samples were cooled at two extreme rates 104 K/h and 0.25 K/h. Do crosslinks impede the effects of annealing And, does the cooling rate affect the properties of the polymers to a similar degree as crosslinks do ... 

McCuUoch, D. G. and Merchant, A. R., The Effect of Annealing on the Structure of Cathodic Arc Deposited Amorphous Carbon Nitride Films, Thin Solid Films, Vol. 290, 1996, pp. 99-102. 

Figure 3.15 SEM images showing the effect of annealing tungsten STM tips using high sample bias (110 V) and tunnelling currents (50 nA). (a) Etched W tip before annealing (b) tip after annealing. (Reproduced from Ref. 38).

Effects of Annealing and Relaxation with Free-Ends... 

Some of the major questions that semiconductor characterization techniques aim to address are the concentration and mobility of carriers and their level of compensation, the chemical nature and local structure of electrically-active dopants and their energy separations from the VB or CB, the existence of polytypes, the overall crystalline quality or perfection, the existence of stacking faults or dislocations, and the effects of annealing upon activation of electrically-active dopants. For semiconductor alloys, that are extensively used to tailor optoelectronic properties such as the wavelength of light emission, the question of whether the solid-solutions are ideal or exhibit preferential clustering of component atoms is important. The next... 

Sartale, S. D. Lockhande, C. D. 2001. Effect of annealing on the structural and optical properties of SILAR grown CuxS thin films. Indian J. Phys. 75A 375-378. 

Figure 2 C. Effect of annealing on the reordering of polished PtUll), annealing tine (1) no annealing) (2) 1.5 mn (3) 6.5mn...

T. Ahn and H. Lee, Effects of annealing of polythiophene derivative for polymer light emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80 392-394, 2002. 

Figure 10.27 PM-IRA spectra showing the effects of annealing-cooling cycles on the CO adsorption characteristics of (a) Pd/Si02/Mo(112) and (b) Pd(111). (Reprinted from Ozensoy, E. et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 4351-4357, 2004. Copyright 2004. With permission from American Chemical Society.)...

The effect of annealing temperatures (65 - 250 °C) and blend composition of Nafion 117, solution-cast Nafion , poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Nafion /PVAblend membranes for application to the direct methanol fuel cell is reported in [148], These authors have found that a Nafion /PVAblend membrane at 5 wt% PVA (annealed at 230 °C) show a similar proton conductivity of that found to Nafion 117, but with a three times lower methanol permeability compared to Nafion 117. They also found that for Nafion /PVA (50 wt% PVA) blend membranes, the methanol permeability decreases by approximately one order of magnitude, whilst the proton conductivity remained relatively constant, with increasing annealing temperature. The Nafion /PVA blend membrane at 5 wt% PVA and 230 °C annealing temperature had a similar proton conductivity, but three times lower methanol permeability compared to unannealed Nafion 117 (benchmark in PEM fuel cells). 

Fig. 10.14 Effect of anneal and crystallization of 10 nm Ta205 film on Si on roughness as measured by AFM.The addition of 15% Al in the 20 nm films suppressed crystallization.

FIGURE 5.13 Effect of annealing (degree of annealing increases along X axis) on DSC transition temperatures of rice starch held at 55 °C for specific times (indicated next to each profile) (Nakazawa etal., 1984 reproduced with permission from Japan Science and Technology Agency). 

Effects of annealing are also observed on the water transport properties. Both the diffusional permeability and the permeability under osmotic pressure decrease in comparison with the sample before annealing (Table IV). Moreover, the g ratio also decreases, which, in terms of the equivalent pore radius, means that the membrane becomes tighter upon annealing. 

There appear to be only two independent reports in the literature on CD CdTe (which is the only telluride reported in the CD literature). In the first one, the CdTe was deposited with the main purpose of carrying out electron spin resonance and morphological studies of the effect of annealing, while another paper, based apparently on the first, described the deposition, with the main purpose of further use in photovoltaic cells. Therefore only limited detail on the actual deposition or properties of the as-deposited films were given. This is surprising in view of the fact that the first report is the first case of a CD telluride. 

A series of studies comparing films deposited from selenourea and selenosulphate baths were carried out, with emphasis on photoconductivity behavior and the effects of annealing. A broad photoconductivity maximum occurred at ca. 1.6 p,m for the selenosulphate film, decreasing strongly beyond 2 p,m. A similar spectrum. 

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