ED ELECTRODES

S. Trasatti, ed.. Electrodes of Conductive Metallic Oxides, Parts A and B, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980, 1981. 

Trasatti, S., Ed., Electrodes of Conductive Metal Oxides, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Part A, 1980, Part B, 1981. 

Bamford, C. H., and R. G. Compton (Eds), Electrode Kinetics—Principles and Methodology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986. 

Trasatti, S. (Ed.), Electrodes of Conductive Oxides, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980. Vincent, C. A., F. Bonino, M. Lazari, and B. Scrosati, Modern Batteries, An Introduction to Electrochemical Power Sources, E. Arnold, London, 1984. Whittingham M. S., and N. G. Jacobson, Intercalation Chemistry, Academic Press, Orlando, 1982. 

Fig. 4-1. Electrodes (a) partially immersed and (b) completely immersed in an electrolyte ED=electrode S = aqueous electroliie solution bold broken line = terminal lead.

Some metals, e.g., lead and iron, will form stable conductive oxide coatings under properly controlled anodic conditions.16 18 Metal electrodes with oxide coatings are economical compared to those with platinum coatings, but they are not reversible. Indeed, reversibility of ED electrodes is exceptional. Care must be exercised to ensure that the polarity of ED electrodes is not inadvertently reversed, because severe electrode deterioration can result. 

B. Claudel, in M. Kleitz and J. Dupuy (Eds.), Electrode Processes in Solid State Ionics, Reidel, Dordrecht, 1976, pp. 45—81. 

Wang J-T, Savinell RF (1994) In Srinivasan S, Macdonald DD, Khandkar AC (eds) Electrode materials and processes for energy conversion and storage, PV 94-23. The Electrochemical Society Proceedings Series, Pennington, p 326... 

Zagal, J., M. Paez, and C. Fierro (1997). In S. Srinivasan, S. Wagner, and H. Wrobloba (eds), Electrode Materials and Processes for Energy Conversion and Storage. Electrochemical Society, Pennington, New York. 

Direct Current Arc Spectrometry. The sample is presented to an electrode with suitable geometry and volatilizes as a result of the high electrode tempterature. Cup-shap>ed electrodes made of graphite are often used. In the case of refractory matrices, anodic evap>oration may be applied and the positive column or, for very sensitive methods, the cathode layer, where the volatilized sample ions are enriched (cathode layer effect) is selected as analytical zone. 

M. Kleitz andJ. Dupuy (eds,). Electrode Processes In Solid State Ionics, All Rights Reserved. 

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