Dynamic simulation Engineering Suite

Koelman and Hoogerbrugge (1993) have developed a particle-based method that combines features from molecular dynamics (MD) and lattice-gas automata (LGA) to simulate the dynamics of hard sphere suspensions. A similar approach has been followed by Ge and Li (1996) who used a pseudo-particle approach to study the hydrodynamics of gas-solid two-phase flow. In both studies, instead of the Navier-Stokes equations, fictitious gas particles were used to represent and model the flow behavior of the interstial fluid while collisional particle-particle interactions were also accounted for. The power of these approaches is given by the fact that both particle-particle interactions (i.e., collisions) and hydrodynamic interactions in the particle assembly are taken into account. Moreover, these modeling approaches do not require the specification of closure laws for the interphase momentum transfer between the particles and the interstitial fluid. Although these types of models cannot yet be applied to macroscopic systems of interest to the chemical engineer they can provide detailed information which can subsequently be used in (continuum) models which are suited for simulation of macroscopic systems. In this context improved rheological models and boundary condition descriptions can be mentioned as examples. 

It is further noticed that in the sense of preserving monotonicity of the solution a difference between the limiting processes of TVD and FCT schemes lies in that the TVD schemes usually are of one step, while the FCT is of two steps. FCT schemes are widely used for simulating time-dependent flows, but are less suited for steady-state calculations and therefore have had little influence in computational fluid dynamics applied to chemical reactor engineering. The TVD schemes, on the other hand, can be easily implemented into standard CFD codes by means of the deferred correction approach using flux limiters without enlarging the stencil. 

A methodology especially suited for the development of models for multidisciplinary engineering systems that can be used for FDI is based on bond graphs [12, 39-41]. Beyond the purpose of simulating the dynamic behaviour of systems represented by... 

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