Dyeing of polymers

Availability chromatic groups, allows to use them in addition as dyes of polymers [1], Proceeding from this, it was represented to us expedient, to compare thermal characteristics of additives and initial polymer, and also to define compatibility of these connections with fusion PETP. 

Daylight - fluorescent pigments, which, in most cases, are solid solutions of luminescent dyes in different polymers are used more often in different fields of science and engineering. Here bright coloms are obtained at small concentration of dyes. Some substituted of aroilenbenzimidazole possess fluorescent properties and are used for preparation of daylight -fluorescent dyes [114] and interest in this class of compounds [115] has grown when the opportunity of their use for mass dyeing of polymers has been shown. 

Over the last years Kavaliev and his research workers [116, 117] succeeded in synthesizing luminophores in the series of naphthoilenbenzimidazoles, containing fluorophoric groups. For mass dyeing of polymer materials there were proposed aryloxazoline - and phylenoxadiazolil - naphthoilenbenzimidazoles [118, 119] ... 

Thus, we may come to a conclusion that dyeing of polymers, containing free OH-groups, by active dyes considerably improves their thermal and photooxidative stability this is connected with substitution of hydrogen labile atom by more volumetric molecule. 

Supercritical modification of polymers was studied by several scientists to improve or change the properties of polymers. Polymers can either be chemically or physically modified. Examples of chemical modifications are the functionalization of polymers (grafting) or a chemical reaction of the functional groups of polymers to obtain new materials [38, 39]. Examples of physical modifications are the preparation of polymer blends, impregnation of polymers with additives [46], or foaming of polymers [59-61]. Another studied topic of polymer modification and impregnation is the supercritical dyeing of polymer fibers [40, 41). 

During the dyeing of polymer fibers, CO loaded with dyestuff penetrates deep into the pore and capillary structure of fibers. This deep penetration provides effective coloration of these materials which are intrinsically hydrophobic. The process of scouring, dyeing, rinsing, drying and removing the excess dye can be carried out in the same batch. 

Dyeing accelerants Dyeing classes Dyeing of leather Dyeing paper Dyeing processes Dye initiators Dye-in-polymer systems Dye intermediates... 

Polymers are only marginally important in main memories of semiconductor technology, except for polymeric resist films used for chip production. For optical mass memories, however, they are important or even indispensable, being used as substrate material (in WORM, EOD) or for both substrate material and the memory layer (in CD-ROM). Peripheral uses of polymers in the manufacturing process of optical storage media are, eg, as binder for dye-in-polymer layers or as surfacing layers, protective overcoatings, uv-resist films, photopolymerization lacquers for repHcation, etc. 

A special implementation of the CD-R disk is the Photo-CD by Kodak which is a 5.25 in. WORM disk employing the dye-in-polymer principle for storage of up to 100 sHdes /pictures on a CD (after data compression) with the possibhity of interactive picture processing. 

Multiphoton processes are also undoubtedly involved in the photodegradation of polymers in intense laser fields, eg, using excimer lasers (13). Moreover, multiphoton excitation during pumping can become a significant loss factor in operation of dye lasers (26,27). The photochemically reactive species may or may not be capable of absorption of the individual photons which cooperate to produce multiphoton excitation, but must be capable of utilising a quantum of energy equal to that of the combined photons. Multiphoton excitation thus may be viewed as an exception to the Bunsen-Roscoe law. 

The intrinsic charge-generation efficiency of polymers is often low and needs to be enhanced by the addition of sensitizers. The sensitizer can be dissolved in the polymer to enhance the bulk charge-generation efficiency of the polymer. Effective sensitizers include 2,4,7-trinitro-9- uorenone [129-79-3] (TNF), hiUerene, thiapyryhum dye, CdS nanoclusters, etc (Table 3). Molecular stmctures of selected sensitizers are shown in Figure 8. 

Effect of Fiber Properties. Acid dyes are attracted to the accessible amine ends of the nylon chains located in the amorphous regions of the fiber. Acid dye affinity of nylon can be adjusted by a dding excess diamine or diacid to the polymer salt or by changing the molecular weight in polymerization. A light acid-dyeable nylon-6,6 is spun with 15—20 amine ends, expressed in terms of gram equivalents per 10 g of polymer. A medium or... 

Hydroxyhydroquinone and pyrogaHol can be used for lining reactors for vinyl chloride suspension polymerization to prevent formation of polymer deposits on the reactor walls (98). Hydroxyhydroquinone and certain of its derivatives are useful as auxiUary developers for silver haUde emulsions in photographic material their action is based on the dye diffusion-transfer process. The transferred picture has good contrast and stain-free highlights (99). 5-Acylhydroxyhydroquinones are useful as stabilizer components for poly(alkylene oxide)s (100). 

The major uses of aniline are in the manufacture of polymers, mbber, agricultural chemicals, dyes and pigments, pharmaceuticals, and photographic chemicals. Approximately 67% of the wodd production of aniline is used in the manufacture of rigid polyurethanes and reaction-injection-molded (RIM) parts for the constmction, automotive, and durable goods industries. 

Hydrophobic fibers are difficult to dye with ionic (hydrophilic) dyes. The dyes prefer to remain in the dyebath where they have a lower chemical potential. Therefore nonionic, hydrophobic dyes are used for these fibers. The exceptions to the rule are polyamide and modified polyacrylonitriles and modified polyester where the presence of a limited number of ionic groups in the polymer, or at the end of polymer chains, makes these fibers capable of being dyed by water-soluble dyes. 

W. Beckmann, in D. M. Nunn, ed.. The Dyeing of Synthetic Polymer and Acetate Fibres, Dyers Company PubHcations Tmst, London, 1979, Chapt. 5. 

The interaetion of PVP for various moleeular masses (8T0 - 360T0 ) with 3 groups of organie reagents sueh as triphenylmethane, trioxyfluorone and azodyes is established with the methods of UV-, VIS- and IR- speetroseopy. The ehanges of speetroseopie properties of dyes at addition of polymer ar e shown in shift of maximum of absorption bands, displaeement of reagent dissoeiation. The influenee of moleeular masses of polymer on properties of azodye-PVP adduets is studied. 

Membrane eleetrodes with obtained PVP-dye adduets in polymerie matrixes are developed to measure free eoneentrations of polymer in solution. Membrane film eleetrodes ar e prepar ed using polyvinyl ehloride as a matrix. We investigated properties of eleetrodes eontaining triphenylmethane - PVP and azodye - PVP adduets in water solution of polymer in presenee of different eleetrolytes. 

Investigation of PVP influenee on proeesses of organie reagents eomplexing with ions of metals let us quantitatively estimate the modifying eapaeity of polymer. The influenee of PVP and polymer in presenee of eleetrolytes on eomplex formation of dyes with ions of metals is shown in inerease of eontrast, sensitivity and seleetivity of analytieal reaetions. 

The teehniques of speetrophotometry determination of ion metals, eleetroehemistry deteriuination of PVP eontent in medieine, bioobjeets, waste water and speetrophotometry and ehromatography teehniques of determination of PVP moleeular masses in substation and medieine are developed with the help of polymer-dye adduets. 

It is established, that the natural and synthetic polymers influence on spectrophotometrical, protolytical and complex-formating properties of azodyes in different degree. The result of interaction between anions of organic dyes and polymers is formation of specifical hydrophobic-hydrated adducts. Express spectrophotometrical methods of polymer content determination in water solutions with the help of polymer adducts have been elaborated. 

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