Dual lifetime referencing

Liebsch G, Klimant I, Krause C, Wolfbeis OS (2001) Fluorescent imaging of pFl with optical sensors using time domain dual lifetime referencing. Anal Chem 73 4354 -363... 

Borisov SM, Neurauter G, Schroeder C, Klimant I, Wolfbeis OS (2006) Modified dual lifetime referencing method for simultaneous optical determination and sensing of two analytes. Appl Spectrosc 60 1167-1173... 

Klimant I., Huber C., Liebsch G., Neurauter G., Stangelmayer A., Wolfbeis O.S., Dual Lifetime Referencing (DLR) - a New Scheme for Converting Fluorescence Intensity... 

T. Mayr, I. Klimant, O.S. Wolfbeis and T. Werner, Dual lifetime referenced optical sensor membrane for the determination of copper(II) ions, Anal. Chim. Acta, 462(1) (2002) 1-10. 

Dual lifetime referencing (DLR) is another powerful technique that enables referenced measurements in case of fluorescent indicators [23]. In this method, the analyte-dependent signal from an indicator is referenced against the signal from an inert luminophore. This can be realized in both the time domain [24] and in the frequency domain [25]. Often, a luminescent reference dye is embedded into gas blocking nanobeads to avoid oxygen quenching. Polymers with very low gas permeability such as poly(acrylonitrile) [24] or poly(vinylidene chloride-co-acry-lonitrile) [26] are the best choice here. 

Klimant I, Huber C, Liebsch G, Neurauter G, Stangelmayer A, Wolfbeis OS (2001) Dual lifetime referencing (DLR) - a new scheme for converting fluorescence intensity into a frequency-domain or time-domain information. In Valeur B, Brochon JC (eds) Springer Ser Fluoresc 1 257-274... 

Waich K, Borisov SM, Mayr T, Klimant I (2009) Dual lifetime referenced trace ammonia sensors. Sens Actuators B 139 132-138... 

Using the long-lifetime emission as a reference in intensity sensing by shortlifetime dye. This approach known as dual luminophore referencing (DLR) will be considered in the next section. 

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