Drying electrical methods

Because atmospheric humidity must be avoided, the reaction flask is isolated from the atmosphere with drying tubes. Moreover, since the solvent is rarely perfectly anhydrous and will contain traces of water due to its hygroscopic nature, its water content must be measured prior to the determination. The equivalence point of the titration reaction is detected by an electrical method instead of a visual method. The current intensity that passes between two platinum electrodes inserted in the reaction medium is measured (see Fig. 19.10). The reagent, which is a mixture of sulphur dioxide, iodine and a base, is characterised by the number of mg of water that can be neutralised by 1 cm3 of this reagent. This is referred to as the equivalent mass concentration of water, or the titre T of the reagent. 

Supported zeolite membranes have been prepared using numerous procedures [4] such as alignment of crystals in electrical fields, electroplating, self-assembly, growth on organic molecular layers, covalent linkages, hydrothermal synthesis (in situ and ex situ), hydrothermal method microwave heating assisted, dry gel method (vapor-phase transport method and steam-assisted crystallization), synthesis at the interface between two fluid phases, etc. 

The ability of a polymer to be spun into a fiber has been considered a proof of the concept of polymer processability for many years. Wanga et al. [72] have prepared enzymatically synthesized PANI fibers. First, the water-soluble and conductive form of PANI was synthesized using SPS as template and HRP as catalyst. Later, the resulting aqueous dispersion was used to prepare fibers by using a dry-spinning method. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity of these fibers were improved by traditional fiber techniques such as hot drawing. 

Increase of droplet sizes of the discontinuous phases via various methods such as using chemicals and applying an electrical field (the chemical and electrical methods of petroleum drying are based on this principle) ... 

Electrical desalting and drying of petroleum is especially widely applied in the industry, but less often in the oil wells. The opportunity created by the application of the electrical method in combination with many other methods can be attributed to one main advantage of this method. 

Drying by Electrical Methods. In electrical methods electric current is directly converted into heat (resistance drying) in the workpiece or in the paint film. 

Lopez-Cacicedo CL. Electrical methods for drying. In Mujumdar AS, ed. Drying 86, Vol. 1. Washington Hemisphere Pubhshing Corp., 1986, pp 12-21. 

Rapid methods Many more rapid techniques are used to monitor moisture content for quality control purposes. These include rapid infrared (IR) drying, microwave drying, and electrical methods. For both the IR and microwave methods, equipment is available with built-in balances, digital displays and microcomputers to calculate moisture content. 

Electrospray sample deposition (ESDEP) is a sample preparation method where matrix and analyte solutions are sprayed on the target surface under the influence of a high-voltage electric field [44,45]. ESDEP is reported to yield much better shot-to-shot and spot-to-spot reproducibility than the dried-droplet method. The improved results are ascribed to the small and evenly sized crystals that are formed, and as a consequence, improved homogeneity of the MALDI sample surface. Hanton et al. [45] analyzed PEG1450, a narrowly distributed poly(ethylene oxide) sample, using an uncommon... 

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