Dry Bubble

Latin Root From verticillus meaning whorled or having branches on the same plane, in reference to the shape of the conid-iophore. 

Verticillium is promoted during cropping under conditions of excessive humidity combined with inadequate air circulation. 

Verticillium grows within a broad temperature range although warmer Temperatures (62 °F. and above) are preferred. 

Singer (1961) reported an optimum of 72 °F. Verticillium abounds in soils and is introduced into the growing environment via the materials composing the casing. 

Medium Through Which Contamination Is Spread Primarily transmitted from one infected region to another by mushroom harvesters, flies and insects. Watering infected mushrooms further spreads Verticillium spores. 

---

Air bubble n. Dry bubble in coating film caused by entrapped air. 

Uses Detergent, foam booster, emulsifier, welling agent, dispersant for dry bubble baths, powd. hand soaps. It. duty and fine fabric detergents, metal soak cleaners, aerosol mg and upholstery cleaners ftroperf/es Flake M% cone. 

Aminopyridine. In a 1 litre three-neoked flask, equipped with a sealed mechanical stirrer, reflux condenser, thermometer and inlet tube for nitrogen, place 300 ml. of dry toluene (1) aud 75 g. of fine granular sodamide (2) bubble a steady stream of nitrogen thi ough the toluene. Stir the mixtiue vigorously and heat the flask in an oil bath until the internal temperatime is 110° (the bath temperatime required is approximately 130°). Add 100 g. of pure dry pyridine (compare Section 11,47,22)... 

In a 250 ml. distilling flask (1) place 122 g. (119 ml.) of p-phenylethyl alcohol and 40 g. of sodium hydroxide peUets (or 56 g. of potassium hydroxide). Heat is evolved. Warm gently until bubbles commence to form and the mixture separates into two sharply-defined layers. Distil slowly water, etc. passes over first accompamed by the gradual dis appearance of the upper phase. FinaUy the styrene passes over at 140 160° (mainly 150°) coUect this separately in a receiver containing about 0 1 g. of hydroquinone. Dry the distillate with a httle anhydrous calcium chloride or magnesium sulphate, and then distil under reduced pressure (2). C oUect the pure styrene at 42-43°/18 mm. The 3rield is 80 g. Add about 0-2 g. of hydroquinone (anti-oxidant) if it is desired to keep the phenylethylene. 

METHOD 2 [128, 129]--To make dibromodioxane one stirs 500g dioxane in a flask which is in an ice bath, all of which is in the hood. 990g of liquid Bra is rapidly added, causing the solution to get hot (one can also bubble in an approximate amount of bromine from a gas canister). The solution is dumped into a bucket containing 2L of ice water, causing the immediate formation of a large mass of orange dibromodioxane crystals which are separated by vacuum filtration and dried. 

M ass Transfer. Mass transfer in a fluidized bed can occur in several ways. Bed-to-surface mass transfer is important in plating appHcations. Transfer from the soHd surface to the gas phase is important in drying, sublimation, and desorption processes. Mass transfer can be the limiting step in a chemical reaction system. In most instances, gas from bubbles, gas voids, or the conveying gas reacts with a soHd reactant or catalyst. In catalytic systems, the surface area of a catalyst can be enormous. Eor Group A particles, surface areas of 5 to over 1000 m /g are possible. 

Fig. 1. Photograph illustrating the microstmcture of the foam which stiU persists two hours after shaking an aqueous solution containing 5% sodium dodecylsulfate. The bubble shapes ate more polyhedral near the top, where the foam is dry, and more spherical near the bottom, where the foam is wet.

---