Drop size correlations, table

Many investigations have been done on the performance of swirl nozzles. And yet, due to the complex physics in swirl atomization, much has yet to be discovered [64]. This text attempts to compile drop size correlations for the three types of swirl nozzles mentioned, and they are shown in Table 24.7. From the correlations shown below, it can be concluded that the performance of swirl nozzles depends largely on the liquid properties, and very little on the nozzle geometry. 

The last major type of rotary nozzles is the twin-fluid rotary nozzle. Its main application is combustion for various devices. The air (or another gas) is supplied with a spinning fan, at a flow rate much greater than that of the liquid. Once the air comes in contact with the liquid, the droplets produced become smaller and the spray is finer. This type of atomization is also very good for high viscosity liquids. Table 24.11 shows some mean drop size correlations for twin fluid rotary nozzles. 

Table 24.12 shows mean drop size correlations for the ultrasonic nozzle design. Equations 24.12.i-24.12.iv were compiled by Lefebvre [1], while the rest are more recent correlations. 

Several correlations for mean drop sizes of twin-fluid rotary nozzles have been developed by Hewitt [34], and are presented in Table 24.11. In his experiments, all... 

Figures 6.28 and 6.29 show the comparison of pressure drop data with predictions of conventional size/micro-channels correlations ((7)-(l 1), Table 6.7).

There are two reports that determined the double-layer capacitance of ionic liquids [31, 40]. By an electrocapillary curve measurement using dropping mercury electrode (DME), the integral double-layer capacitances of ionic liquids were shown to be smaller than those of aqueous solutions and larger than those of non-aqueous solutions, as summarized in Table 17.2 [31]. This behavior can be explained by the thinner double-layer being due to the higher ionic concentration than that of nonaqueous solutions. However, the correlation between the doublelayer capacitance and anion size [41] observed in PC solutions [8] is not clear. It was further shown that the double-layer capacitance of the ionic liquid was not dependent on the choice of electrode from among DME, GC, and activated carbon fiber [31]. 

The dependence of surface-volumetric diameter of disperse phase drops dn on volumetric rate of disperse medium w has exponential form (Fig. 3.33) and with correlation high enough is straighted in logarithmic coordinates ln(da2) = f(w) (Fig. 3.34). Numerical dependences on the influence of volumetric rate of disperse medium w on size of disperse inclusions in particular surface-volumetric diameter were received on this base in dependence on flows introduction method (apparatus numbers are in Table 2.1) ... 

The packing factors given in Table 1-4 are for use with these generalized pressure drop correlations (Figures 1-15 and 1-16). These packing factors have been determined from experimental pressure-drop data therefore, they are empirical rather than theoretical in nature. The use of pressure drop to determine column size is discussed in detail in Chapter 3. 

In the past, specifications for metal ion content and particles have been arbitrarily reduced for each new generation (smaller geometry) of devices. Recently, research has been conducted on the correlation of device performance with various impurities. While impurity specifications will continually drop, only troublesome impurities will be reduced. This change in strategy of purity management will reduce the burden on chemical suppliers, especially as specifications move toward 1 part per trillion (ppt) for metals and to the theoretical limits of particle size detection of optical counters. Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International (SEMI) has recently initiated an effort to reduce the number of specified metals down to 17 (Table 15.4) from over 30. 

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