Doxacurium, pharmacokinetics

Cook DR, Freeman JA, Lai AA, Robertson KA, Kang Y, Stiller RL, Aggarwal S, Abou-Donia MM, Welch RM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doxacurium in normal patients and in those with hepatic or renal failure. Anesth Analg 1991 72(2) 145-50. 

Pharmacokinetics All agents are given parenterally. Drugs that are metabolized (eg, mivacurium, by plasma cholinesterase) or eliminated in the bile (eg, vecuronium) usually have shorter durations of action than those eliminated by the kidney (eg, doxacurium, pancuronium, tubocurarine). Atracurium clearance involves spontaneous breakdown (Hofmann elimination) to form laudanosine and other products is largely independent of hepatic or renal function. 

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