Double-referencing procedure

Despite these arguments and the conceptual attractiveness of the procedure which is sketched in Fig. 1 convincing evidence for the relevance of a particular gas phase adsorption experiment can only be obtained by direct comparison to electrochemical data The electrode potential and the work function change are two measurable quantities which are particularly useful for such a comparison. In both measurements the variation of the electrostatic potential across the interface can be obtained and compared by properly referencing these two values 171. Together with the ionic excess charge in the double layer, which in the UHV experiment would be expressed in terms of coverage of the ionic species, the macroscopic electrical properties of the interracial capacitor can thus be characterized in both environments. 

Redinger (1961) has reported a value for the carbon-carbon double bond content of alkali lignin based on reaction with peroxyphthalic acid. The procedure is not described or referenced in the article. 

The X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of some precursors and freshly-reduced catalysts were measured on a Hitachi 507 photoelectron spectrometer using an A1 anode. The sample was mounted on a double-sided adhesive tape. Binding energies (BE) were referenced to the Si(2p) band at 103.1 eV due to the catalyst support. The peak areas were used for a quantitative surface analysis of the sample. Detailed procedures have been described elsewhere (ref. 12). 

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