Double integration width

The intensities of the reference (R), and sample (X) are determined by double integration of the first derivative spectra over their spectral ranges. The procedure is usually computer controlled using commercial or home-made software for the integration. Scan width and amplification spectrometer settings that had to be taken into account in hand calculation, see Appendix F in [10], are usually automatically compensated for by the software in modern instruments. 

Aside from the verification of the strains (stresses), the determination of the deflection and crack width might be of interest. The deflections can be determined through a double integration of the curvature, which can also be determined using the cross-section analysis (Rg. 4.16). For calculation of the crack width, see fib-bulletin-14 (2001). 

Fewster obtains this from the increase of satellite widths as a function of satelhte order. The trae integral breadths or FWHM values are first found with a double or multiple crystal diffractometer this is simple measurement, and with a powder... 

When you are in a clinical environment where reproducibility is critical, you need to know and understand the variables that the calibration selects. An integrator should be able to integrate close neighbors about four times more accurately than you can by hand. The integrator sets three variable levels peak width, slope rejection, and noise rejections. It also makes decisions on how to integrate unresolved peaks. As peaks widen (or narrow) in later parts of the chromatogram, the integrator doubles (or halves) the peak width value to include the whole peak. 

The solvation dynamics of bulk water have been well studied. Jarzeba et al. [33] obtained a correlation function with 160 fs (33%) and 1.2 ps (67%), and Jimemez et al. [34] reported an initial Gaussian-type component (frequency 38.5 ps-1 25 fs in time width, 48%) and two exponential decays of 126 fs (20%) and 880 fs (35%). Using Eq. (6), the correlation function we obtained for bulk water, as shown in Fig. 4, is best fitted by double exponential decays integrated with an initial Gaussian-type contribution through a stretched mode c t) = + c2e tlZl, where for a pure Gaussian-type decay, / = 2. The... 

The double-layer capacitance is another useful electrochemical method for probing the integrity of molecular assemblies in contact with electrolyte solutions. If a cyclic voltammogram is recorded in a solution of electrolyte only, a non-Faradaic current results, and the double-layer capacitance, Cji (or differential capacitance), is measured as half the width of the voltammogram charging envelope given by [30, 48]... 

Integration over the velocity distribution N(Vz) of the absorbing molecules yields with (9.79) the width of the double-resonance signal [1311]... 

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