Doping electrochemical cell three

A second major event in the saga of polymer conductors was the discovery that the doping processes of polyacetylene could be promoted and driven electrochemically in a reversible fashion by polarising the polymer film electrode in a suitable electrochemical cell (MacDiarmid and Maxfield, 1987). Typically, a three-electrode cell, containing the (CH) film as the working electrode, a suitable electrolyte (e.g. a non-aqueous solution of lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate, here abbreviated to LiC104-PC) and suitable counter (e.g. lithium metal) and reference (e.g. again Li) electrodes, can be used. 

Futhermore, nanofiber scaffold electrodes based on PEDOT for cell stimulation were recently reported by Bolin et al. [87]. Electronically conductive and electrochemically active three-dimensional scaffolds based on electrospun poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanofibers were prepared. Vapor-phase polymerization was employed to achieve a uniform and conformal coating of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with tosylate (PEDOT tosylate) on the nanofibers. The PEDOT coatings had a large impact on the... 

Three comprehensive books on porous silicon have been published, wherein detailed information can be found related to silicon anodization (Canham 1997 Lehman 2002 Sailor 2012a). The topics covered include dissolution chemistries and the dependences of porosity, pore morphology, and pore size distribution on various parameters (e.g., wafer type/doping, electrolyte composition, current density, time) additionally, different types of electrochemical cells are discussed (Lehman 2002 Sailor 2012a), as well as some of the more practical aspects related to anodization (Sailor 2012a e.g., wafer preparation, equipment and instrumentation, health and safety). The reader is referred to these references for essential background reading. 

Vis-NIR absorption spectroelectrochemistry is usually performed using specifically designed three-electrode cells adapted to transmission or reflection geometries. However, it should be noted that building a set-up for transmission Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry is a fairly simple task, at least to study the doping processes in thin films. Any optical cell can be transformed into a spectroelectrochemical cell by insertion of transparent indium tin oxide (ITO)-covered plates as electrodes. Therefore, basic in situ Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry can be performed in all laboratories where a spectrophotometer and an electrochemical setup are available. 

Electrosynthesis of the polythiopene was realized on an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode (glass blade covered with an indium-doped tin-oxide film). Before conducting the experiment, each electrode was cleaned by ultrasonication for 10 min in different solvents (acetone, dichloromethane, ether). Electrochemical experiments were performed in a three-compartment cell. The working electrode was the ITO electrode, the counter electrode was a Pt wke, and the reference electrode was an aqueous-saturated calomel electrode (E°/SCE = E°/NHE — 0.2412 V) with a salt bridge containing the supporting electrode. The SCE electrode was checked against the ferrocene/ferricinium couple (E = -1-0.405 V/SCE) before and after each experiment. 

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