Dopant Raman-active

It is evident from the above discussion that catalyst characterization is an activity important for scientific understanding, design, and troubleshooting of catalyzed processes. There is no universal recipe as to which characterization methods are more expedient than others. In the opinion of the writer, we will see continued good use of diffraction methods and electron microscopy, surface analysis, IR spectroscopy, and chemisorption methods, increased use of combined EM and ESCA analyses for determining the dopant dispersion, increased use of MAS-NMR and Raman spectroscopies for understanding of solid state chemistry of catalysts, and perhaps an increased use of methods that probe into the electronic structure of catalysts, including theory. 

Besides measuring binary or ternary alloy composition, Raman spectroscopy evinces an acute sensitivity to impurity concentrations sometimes well below 1% levels. This makes Raman spectroscopy especially well suited to measuring electrically active dopant concentrations in NWs since techniques such as scanning spreading resistance, capacitance-voltage, or Hall measurements that have been... 

Rao and co-workers [82] used an inverted emulsion process for the synthesis of the emeraldine salt of PAM using a novel oxidising agent, benzoyl peroxide. The polymerisation was carried out in a non-polar solvent in the presence of four different protonic acids as dopants and an emulsifier (sodium lauryl sulfate). The polymer salts were characterised spectroscopically by ultraviolet-visible, Fourier-transform infrared, Fourier-transform Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis, was used to determine the stability of the salts and the activation energy for the degradation. The conductivity of the salts was found to be in the order of 10 S/cm. 

Solid state lasers include lasers based on paramagnetic ions, organic dye molecules, and color centers in crystalline or amorphous hosts. Semiconductor lasers are included in this section because they are a solid-state device, although the nature of the active center—recombination of electrons and holes—is different from the dopants or defect centers used in other lasers in this category. Conjugated polymer lasers, solid-state excimer lasers, and fiber raman, Brillouin, and soliton lasers are also covered in this section. 

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