Donor-acceptor copolymers characterization

When a monomeric donor of suitable structure is encountered by a monomeric acceptor, a donor-acceptor (DA) complex is formed. It is characterized by a reorganized electron structure accompanied by charge shift. Therefore such formation are also designated as charge-transfer (CT) complexes. Until recently, the tendency to the formation of alternating copolymers has been ascribed to a special kind of monomer reactivity and of the resulting... 

Amorphous-Crystalline Donor Acceptor Block Copolymers 2.1 Synthesis and Characterization... 

K. B. Woody, B. J. Leever, M. F. Durstock, D. M. Collard, Synthesis and Characterization of Fully Conjugated Donor-Acceptor-Donor Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2011,44,4690-4698. 

Wang HS, Su MS, Wei KH. Synthesis and characterization of donor-acceptor poly(3-hexylthiophene) copolymers presenting 1,3,4-oxadiazole units and their application to photovoltaic cells. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 2010 48(15) 3331-9. 

Woody, K. B. Leever, B. J. Durstock, M. R and Collard, D. M., Synthesis and characterization of fully conjugated donor-acceptor-donor triblock copolymers, Macromolecules, 44(12), 4690-4698 (2011) DOI 10.1021/ ma200084z. 

C. Zhang, S. Choi, J. Haliburton, T. Cleveland, R. Li, S.-S. Sun, A. Ledbetter, C. E. Bonner, Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of a -Donor-Bridge-Acceptor-Bridge- Type Block Copolymer via Alkoxy- and Sulfone-Derivatized Poly(Phenylenevinylenes). Macromolecules 2006, 39, 4317-4326. 

S.-S. Sun, et al, Design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel c-donor-nc-bridge-c-acceptor type block copolymer for optoelectronic applications. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem., 2014, 52 1149-1160. 

Hybridization of micellar systems was more extensively studied by fluorescence techniques. As mentioned by Webber [117], the chain exchange between micelles can be characterized by mixing micelles composed of block copolymers that are similar or identical except that they are tagged with different fluorophores. Thus, when two micelle populations, the one ta ed with donor and the other with acceptor groups, are mixed and the donor is excited, primarily donor fluorescence is observed. As the chromophore tagged chains are exchanged between micelles the donor will sensitize the fluorescence of the acceptor. 

The organic active layer is a blend of a conductive polymer (acting as electron donor) and an electron acceptor characterized by an organic moiety. Indeed, fullerene derivatives showed suitable electronic properties for this role. The most conunonly used polymers for solar cells are P3HT (poly(3-hexylthiophene)), but other copolymers bearing thiophene units have also been studied to build plastic solar cells with higher photoconductivity. ... 

It has been demonstrated that this principle may be used to characterize polymer compatibility (18). A typical example of the data obtained is shown in Figure 1 for blends of anthracene-labeled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and naphthalene-labeled methyl methacrylate copolymers with ethyl or butyl methacrylate. When both the donor and the acceptor... 

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