Domains and domain walls

Note than typical domain-wall widths are much smaller than the domains themselves. When the size of a magnetic particle is smaller than the domain-wall width Sa, as encountered for example in small soft-magnetic nanodots, then the distinction between domains and domain walls blurrs, and the determination of the micromagnetic spin structure requires additional considerations [102], One example is curling-type flux-closure or vortex states. 

The Lang method can also reveal magnetic domains in ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials [8.21]. Here, spontaneous magnetostrictive strains in domains and domain walls are enough to upset the regularity of the lattice and constitute crystal imperfections. 

The Faraday effect is widely used for the magnetic structure visualization in transparent samples with an easy direction axis not parallel to the sample s surface [27], In this case, electromagnetic radiation passing through the domains of opposite magnetization gains slightly different rotation of the polarization plane. This enables us to visualize domains and domain walls by means... 

Pinned domains and domain walls, micro-cracks, and local breakdown contributed to the reductions also. 

Magnetization Distribution, Magnetic Domains, and Domain Walls at Surfaces... 

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