Distribution forging

It is not uncommon to machine flats for branch connections to main nozzles on a distribution forging. A distribution forging can be designed to accommodate multiple nozzles. In this manner a heavier forged nozzle neck can be machined to accommodate the size and shape of the attached connection. These attachments should be provided by the vessel fabricator and the connections tested with the vessel during the standard shop hydrotest. 

Vanes may be used to improve velocity distribution and reduce frictional loss in bends, when the ratio of bend turning radius to pipe diameter is less than 1.0. For a miter bend with low-velocity flows, simple circular arcs (Fig. 6-37) can be used, and with high-velocity flows, vanes of special airfoil shapes are required. For additional details and references, see Ower and Pankhurst The Mea.surement of Air Flow, Pergamon, New York, 1977, p. 102) Pankhurst and Holder Wind-Tunnel Technique, Pitman, London, 1952, pp. 92-93) Rouse Engineering Hydraulics, Wiley, New York, 1950, pp. 399 01) and Joreensen Fan Engineerinp, 7th ed., Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, 1970, pp. Ill, 117, 118). 

Multilayer vessels are made by wrapping several layers of relatively thin plate round a central tube. The plates are heated, tightened and welded, and this gives the desired stress distribution in the compound wall. The vessel is closed with forged heads. A typical... 

The fracture mode of both forgings was by the microvoid nucleation and growth process (Figure 4). Microvoids nucleate at nonmetallic inclusions in the steel (sulfides, oxides, etc) and grow under strain until they coalesce at fracture (10). While the CF heats had a fairly uniform microvoid size distribution on the fracture surface, the HERF steel fracture surface had a bimodal distribution of microvoids with large microvoids surrounded by clusters of fine microvoids. 

York Times,13, 1998, p. A3. Describes an international conference in Oslo, Norway, that is attempting to forge agreements that would reduce the distribution of small arms (mostly rifles) that are plentiful in the world s trouble spots. 

Typical APC-T (Armor-Piercing, Capped Tracer) Projectile, shown in Fig 1-8, consists of hardened steel monobloc body and cap of forged alloy steel. The AP cap is heat-treated to have a hard exterior and a relatively soft core. The softer core protects the hardened point from breakage by distributing the stress during impact and thus helps the penetration thru armor. Then the BD fuze functions to detonate a HE chge located in the cavity at the rear of the body... 

The end pieces are normally forged hemisperical or flat plates, either welded on or joint to the cylindrical vessel by means of threaded bolts for all dimensions required. The hemisperical end pieces require less wall thickness (around 60 %) of the cylindrical wall and offer a good distribution of the stresses from the hemispherical to the cylindrical shape [14]. 

Metal powder-coated, through-hardened materials - these materials have been found useful when an alloy does not provide adequate forged quality and for cast materials with specific casting problems. Very fine and very even carbide distribution throughout the entire component offers economically viable (in production terms) and effective wear resistance (temperable matrix with high carbide content). Preferred materials include vanadium-alloyed tool steels. 

Figure 2.26. Stress distribution around fiber, irregular particle, and glass sphere. Courtesy of Potters Industries, Inc., Valley Forge, PA, USA.

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