Distortion, conducting channels

The doping by cations with an active lone electron pair or the use of two of such cations (of matrix and dopant) leads to an increase of the ionic conductivity. It is probably due to crystal structure and conductivity channel distortions. 

The classical FEE retention equation (see Equation 12.11) does not apply to ThEEE since relevant physicochemical parameters—affecting both flow profile and analyte concentration distribution in the channel cross section—are temperature dependent and thus not constant in the channel cross-sectional area. Inside the channel, the flow of solvent carrier follows a distorted, parabolic flow profile because of the changing values of the carrier properties along the channel thickness (density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity). Under these conditions, the concentration profile differs from the exponential profile since the velocity profile is strongly distorted with respect to the parabolic profile. By taking into account these effects, the ThEEE retention equation (see Equation 12.11) becomes ... 

FIGURE 12. A cross-sectional view of the interface, surface and proteinaceous channel for conduction. An underlying channel distorts the surface, and this is indicated. Calcium is shown associated with oxygen atoms (in turn attached to phosphorus). The dilation of the surface (that would accompany the passage of an impulse along the surface of the membrane) is shown by the dotted distortion of the two bordering oxygen atoms. 

In this picture the carriers in the connected pathways are not localized, but flow through the channels within which the JT distortion is locally suppressed. In-between the channels, however, the JT distortion is locally alive, the charge density is low, and conductivity is very low. We may call these regions... 

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