Dispersion of electrons

The holes injected by ITO into PPV are blocked by the PMMA layer before reaching the Ca electrode. PMMA is a wide-bandgap insulator, so electron transport requires dispersion of electron-accepting molecules into it, between which electron hopping occurs. 

The most popular way for visualizing MOs is the density or wave function contour plot. We can also introduce other quantities that can measure the position and the spatial extension of an LMO. The position of an LMO can be characterized by the so-called orbital centroid, the expectation value of the position of an electron on the given LMO, r, = (pt r (pt). The spatial extension, the size of an LMO can be measured by the dispersion of electron coordinates placed on a given LMO... 

The dynamic problem of vibrational spectroscopy must be solved to find the normal coordinates as linear combinations of the basis Bloch functions, together with the amplitudes and frequencies of these normal vibrations. These depend on k, and therefore the problem must be solved for a number of k-points to ensure an adequate sampling of the Brillouin zone. Vibrational frequencies spread in k-space, just as the Bloch treatment of electronic energy gave a dispersion of electronic energies in k-space. The number of vibrational levels whose energy lies between E and fc +d E is called the vibrational density of states. Vibrational contributions to the heat capacity and to the crystal entropy can be calculated by appropriate integrations over the vibrational density of states, just like molecular heat capacities and entropies are obtained by summation over molecular vibration frequencies. 

We also calculated the superlattice response on the THz field for two different choices of the initial electron distribution in the Brillouin zone. In one case we increased the dispersion, < ), of electron distribution in the vicinity of the zero k-vector from 0.05 to 0.8 Jt/d. In the second case we assumed electrons being excited around the certain state in the Brillouin zone kOz=+ ) with the... 

When an electron flow arrives at the surface of a material, a part of particles can be reflected on the angle major 90°. This effect is named as reverse dispersion of electrons and used to resolve a series of applied problems, e.g., to determine the width of hlms. The same effect could be a source of methodical errors, in particular working with electron flows, leading to an increase in the number of particles, and moving to the counter due to their dissipation in the material. 

The electron configuration of an atom describes the specific dispersal of electrons among available subshells. 

Resonance (electron delocalization) makes benzene more stable, which means it is less reactive. If the electron density is delocalized, each atom (each carbon) has a smaller share of the electron density, which requires less energy. The dispersion of electron density at carbon can be seen in the electron density map 87C. Delocalization of electron density (resonance) diminishes... 

Delocalization (Sections 3.11A and 6.1 IB) The dispersal of electrons (or of electrical charge). Delocalization of charge always stabilizes a system. 

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