Discharge rate models applications

In PV applications, an empirical model for a LAB derived from Shepherd s treatment was adopted by Facinelli to indicate SOH [21]. The model includes the charge efficiency (a key issue in PV) and temperature effects on battery performance. Experiments were conducted on a single cell of a C D QP 75-5 battery, which has a nominal capacity of 161 Ah at a 10-h discharge rate. The equation relating m to / and r is a rearrangement of the four-parameter empirical formula of Shepherd [17] ... 

Many wastewater flows in industry can not be treated by standard aerobic or anaerobic treatment methods due to the presence of relatively low concentration of toxic pollutants. Ozone can be used as a pretreatment step for the selective oxidation of these toxic pollutants. Due to the high costs of ozone it is important to minimise the loss of ozone due to reaction of ozone with non-toxic easily biodegradable compounds, ozone decay and discharge of ozone with the effluent from the ozone reactor. By means of a mathematical model, set up for a plug flow reactor and a continuos flow stirred tank reactor, it is possible to calculate more quantitatively the efficiency of the ozone use, independent of reaction kinetics, mass transfer rates of ozone and reactor type. The model predicts that the oxidation process is most efficiently realised by application of a plug flow reactor instead of a continuous flow stirred tank reactor. 

Using the model and data obtained from hydrogen permeation experiments one can compute hydrogen surface coverage and the rate constants. This model is only applicable for coupled discharge-recombination hydrogen evolution with constant cathodic side hydrogen concentration on the membrane. 

Depth-profile analysis is also possible, as the sample is ablated layer-by-layer with a penetration rate of 1 - 3 pm/min. Here, the intensities of the analyte lines are measured as a function of time. However, the sputtering rates of alloys with varying composition must be known to convert the time scale into a depth scale. The intensities must be related to concentrations, which can be done by using theoretical models and sputtering constants [291]. The power of detection may be quite good and depth resolution is of the order of 5 nm, when elemental concentrations >0.1% are monitored. Depth profile analysis is now a main field of application of glow discharge emission spectrometry in the metals industry (Fig. 42) [291]. 

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