Discharge lag

SIT ISIT. Variation of scan time is possible within a reasonable range, i.e., lowest portion limited by discharge lag, highest portion by dark charge level. Variations between 20-200 ys are easily achieved. 

Figure 6.25 shows the experimental results. In the case of the current source, the results of the common and individual methods are the same, so only the results of the individual method are shown. Figure 6.25a shows that the maximum and steady-state values of the common and proposed methods are lower than those of the individual method. Also, the maximum voltage of the proposed method is lower than that of the common method. In the common method, a larger current flows to the resistor, because the PD experiences a discharging lag. However, in the proposed method, the current flowing to the resistor rapidly decreases because the varistor works quickly. Therefore, the proposed method can reduce the maximum voltage more efficiendy than the common method can. 

Static die-away tests were performed by Potter et al. with an A9PEO7 24 mixture in water from a vertically well-mixed estuary in Florida [36]. Lag times of 0—12 days were observed, and after 4—24 days, primary degradation was complete. These rates are similar to those reported by Kvestak and Ahel [6]. It is likely that the microorganisms in these experiments were pre-acclimated to biodegrade nonionic surfactants, as a municipal sewage treatment plant discharge is present a few kilometres upstream. 

The principal difference between a pre-action system and a standard dry pipe system is that in the pre-action system, the water supply valve is actuated independently of the opening of the sprinklers. The water supply valve is opened by the operation of an automatic fire detection system, which immediately allows water to enter the overhead piping. Then, when the fire generates enough heat to fuse the sprinkler head, water is immediately discharged on the fire as with a wet pipe system. This system reduces the inherent time lag of a dry pipe system, but can still be used in unheated areas. An example of a pre-action system is shown in Figure 7-26. 

Fog Condensation—The Other Way to Make Little Droplets For a variety of reasons, a gas or vapor can become supersaturated with a condensable component. Surface tension and mass transfer impose barriers on immediate condensation, so growth of fog particles lags behind what equilibrium predicts. Droplets formed by Fog condensation are usually much finer (0.1 to 10 pm) than those formed by mechanical breakup and hence more difficult to collect. Sometimes fog can be a serious problem, as in the atmospheric discharge of a valuable or a hazardous material. More commonly, fog is a curiosity rather than a dominating element in chemical processing. 

Table 1 Time-lagged correlations between monthly Danube discharge seasonal anomalies, climatic indices (NAO, SOI and NIN03), log-transformed CHL and SST seasonal anomalies in different Black Sea regions in 1997-2006. Positive signs of time lags (in months) indicate that the Parameter-1 is leading the Parameter-2 time series...

Relief devices Emergencies Process isolation Instruments Adequacy, vent size, discharge, drain and support Dump, drown, inhibit and dilute Block valves, fire-valves and purging Air quality, time lag, reset wind-up and materials of construction... 

Incineration plants for municipal waste may lead to considerable soil pollution (Lag, 1982). Little has been done to evaluate such injury possibilities, but with the combustion technique and the gas discharges used nowadays, the natural content of some dangerous elements in the soil in the neighbourhood may be doubled during a relatively short period of time. 

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