Dinitroanilines, reaction with carbon

Selective hydrogenation of one or two nitro groups in an aromatic dinitro compound is the basis for the synthesis of otherwise unattainable molecules. Carefully chosen catalysts, under totally different reaction conditions, have been met with success. Partial reduction of 2,6-dinitroanilines to nitrophenylenediamines occurs in 60-90% yield over 10% palladium-on-carbon at RT [equation (a)], although most heterogeneous catalysts do not afford such selectivity. 

In general, functionalization reactions of SWNTs are very slow and take several days to proceed. In this respect, microwave irradiation seems to be a potentially powerful tool to functionalize SWNTs but only a few such reactions have been described to date. One example of the application of microwaves was described by Della Negra et al. [88]. Soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes were synthesized by grafting poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains on to SWNTs. Use of microwave irradiation enhanced reaction rates in comparison with similar syntheses using conventional heating. An amidation reaction has also been performed, in two steps, under microwave irradiation conditions (Scheme 21.23) [89]. Amide-SWNT derivative 68 was synthesized by reaction of 2,6-dinitroaniline and the carboxylic acid-... 

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