Dilution system, three-stage

Figure 1. Schematic of three-stage dilution system Q = volumetric flow rate and...

In most instances, pesticides from biological or environmental sources are too complex, too dilute, or incompatible with the chromatographic system to permit analysis by direct injection. Preliminary fraction, isolation, and concentration of the pesticides are needed before analysis can take place. A typical organic analysis can be divided into three stages sampling, sample preparation or cleanup, and analysis (Table 10.2). 

Multieffect evaporator [5]. In an evaporation process, the fluid is heated to its saturation temperature, and then additional energy is applied to start the liquid evaporation. Evaporation occurs at constant temperature and requires a large amount of energy so that the molecules in the liquid state pass to the vapor state. Unlike dryers, what is achieved in the evaporator is concentration, where normally a diluted "juice" with 5-10 % solids is concentrated to 30-50 % solids. Indeed, evaporation is a concentration process and not a dehydration process. Tomato juice will be concentrated in a three-stage multieffect evaporator (Fig. 7.46). 1,000 kg/h of tomato juice are fed to the system with an initial concentration of 6 % solids (w/w). The object of the operation is to obtain a commercial concentrate of 31 % solids (w/w). The outlet solid concentration of stages 1-3 are 13, 21, and 31 % (w/w), respectively, (a) How much water was removed in each stage of the system (b) What is the flow rate of the concentrate at the outlet in kg/h ... 

Fig. 16.3. Left Schematic picture of the damping system of MimiGRAIL. The suspension consists of seven stages, the upper four made of CuAl followed by three copper masses. The upper CuAl mass is suspended from the top flange of the cryostat by stainless steel cables hanging from helical springs. Mass number 5, the first copper mass, will be cooled by the dilution refrigerator. Right Picture of the four CuAl masses hanging from the top flange (courtesy of Leiden Cryogenics).

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