Dicarboxylic acid anhydrides hydrocarbons

Branched polyesters contain oxalkylated primary fatty amines or oxalkyl-ated polyamines together with at least trivalent oxalkylated alkanol that is responsible for branching. The condensation is achieved with a dicarboxylic acid or a dicarboxylic acid anhydride [216]. In this way, branched polyoxyalkylene mixed polyesters are formed. Suitable solvents are water or organic solvents, such as methanol, isopropanol, butanol, or aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene, xylene). 

Benzenoid hydrocarbons, which like perylene (10) contain a peripheral cisoid C4 arrangement (a bay region [71]), react with maleic anhydride in the presence of a suitable dehydrogenating agent to form fully aromatic dicarboxylic acid anhydrides 12 ( benzogenic Diels-Alder reaction ) [72, 73], Since in this process the ratedetermining step is the exocyclic Diels-Alder reaction leading to 11, the reactivity behaviour of the system is dominated by the Jt-electronic properties of the hydrocarbon centres at which this primary reaction occurs [74]. 

Unsaturated Poly (fumaric anhydride) Poly (4,4 -stilbene dicarboxylic acid anhydride) Homopolymers are crystalline and insoluble in organic solvents, copolymers with aliphatic acids renders it less crystalline and soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

Vanadium pentoxide o-Dicarboxylic acid anhydrides from hydrocarbons... 

Hydrocarbons from ketones Selective reduction s. 13,112 Phthalides from o-dicarboxylic acid anhydrides s. 11,123... 

Basic cupric carbonate quinoline Hydrocarbons from o-dicarboxylic acid anhydrides... 

The V-Mo-O oxides are well-known industrial catalysts for the synthesis of acrylic acid from acrolein and maleic anhydride from benzene more recently, V-P-0 systems are being utilized for maleic anhydride production from -butane. The V20s/Ti02 combination was employed for phthalic acid production from o-xylene. V-Fe-O catalyzes oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to dicarboxylic acids and quinones. Methyl formate is produced by the oxidation of methanol over V-Ti-0 catalysts [58]. For many of these processes, it has been experimentally proved that the catalytic reaction follows a Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. The surface coverage with active oxygen 0 in the steady state of the redox reaction following Mars-van Krevelen mechanism is given by... 

In these cases it is usually possible to explain why the color is formed. The reactions can be further classified, on the basis of the type of colored compound formed, into reactions leading to the formation of azo dyes, di- or triphenylmethane dyes, xanthene dyes, polymethine dyes, indophenols, etc. Azo dyes are formed, for example, in the reaction of diazonium salts and phenols (p. 192) or amines (p. 324), azomethines in the reaction of primary aromatic amines with aromatic aldehydes (p. 215), di- and triphenylmethane dyes in the reaction of aromatic aldehydes with aromatic hydrocarbons in concentrated sulfuric acid (p. 213), triphenylmethane dyes in the reaction of phenols with aromatic aldehydes or oxalic acid (p. 196), xanthene dyes in the reaction of anhydrides of dicarboxylic acids with resorcinol (p. 196), polymethine dyes are formed after the cleavage of the pyridine ring in the reaction of the glutaconaldehyde formed and barbituric acid (p. 378), indophenols on reaction of phenols with Gibbs reagent (p. 195), or 4-aminoantipyrine according to Emerson (p. 194), or on the Liebermann reaction (p. 195). 

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