Diborane, reduction amide

Bell and Hall have incorporated an organometallic unit into a crown by using the ferrocenyl unit as part of the ring or as a third strand. The unit is incorporated either as the 1,1 -diformylferrocene or the corresponding acid. In the former case, the bis-imine is prepared and reduced to give the saturated crown (see structure 24). In the latter case, the acid is converted into its corresponding chloride and thence into the diamide by reaction with a diamine. Diborane reduction affords the saturated amino-crown. Structure 24 could be prepared by either of these methods but the dialdehyde approach was reported to be poor compared to the amide approach which afforded the product in ca. 60% yield . 

Reduction of esters, nitriles, and amides. These groups are rapidly reduced by horanc-dimcthyl sulfide in refluxing THF (b.p. 67°) if the dimethyl sulfide (b.p. 38°) is removed as liberated. Under these conditions, the reagent is comparable to uncomplexed diborane. Reduction of secondary and tertiary amides is best effected in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate otherwise, excess reagent is utilized for formation of complexes with the products. 

Condensation of adipic acid derivative 17 with phenylethylamine in the presence of carbo-nyldiimidazole affords the bis-adipic acid amide 18. The synthesis is completed by reduction of the carbonyl groups with diborane followed by demethylation of the aromatic methoxy groups with hydrogen bromide the afford dopexamine (19) [3]. 

Diborane permits the selective reduction of amides in the presence of ester and nitro groups. 

Diborane is also a useful reagent for reducing amides. Tertiary and secondary amides are easily reduced, but primary amides react only slowly.59 The electrophilicity of diborane is involved in the reduction of amides. The boron coordinates at the carbonyl oxygen,... 

Amides require vigorous reaction conditions for reduction by LiAlH4 so that little selectivity can be achieved with this reagent. Diborane, however, permits the reduction of amides in the presence of ester and nitro groups. 

There are several reports of methods that will selectively reduce a tertiary amide in the presence of a secondary amide[59]. The secondary lactam of 101 was protected as the lactim ether 107 and treated with diborane however, the spectral characteristics of the major products isolated were consistent with reduction of both the tertiary amide and the lactim ether. In 1991 Martin et al. [60] successfully used alane to reduce a tertiary amide in the presence of an oxindole (secondary amide) relying on the known rate difference for reduction between these two groups [61]. 

To avoid the production of diastereomers during reductive alkylation of Pro residues, the corresponding dipeptide should be first synthesized and the central amide bond subsequently selectively reduced with diborane (see Section 10.7.1.2.1). 

Direct reduction of a peptide bond with diborane 59 or a thioamide bond with several reductive procedures 60 is an alternative route for the production of a reduced peptide bond in a peptide. In some cases the reductive amination does not give satisfactory results. As described earlier, preparation of Boc-Pher )[CH2N]Pro-OH by reductive amination yields two diastereomers (Scheme ll). 57 In this case treatment of Boc-Phe-Pro-OBzl by diborane yielded the reduced pseudodipeptide Boc-Pher )[CH2N]Pro-OBzl without epimerization (Scheme 12). However, in some cases diborane is not entirely selective for the amide bond and can reduce ester functions when they are present. Another procedure is to prepare endothiopeptides directly from protected dipeptides 61-66 followed by their selective reduction. 60 ... 

The bicyclization step is accomplished under identical conditions to the first macrocyclization step, the base being in this case added triethylamine. The reduction of the bicyclic amide 6 has to be realized with diborane (LiAlH4 cleaves the macrobicyclic system). Note that there is no need to isolate the intermediate aminoborane 7 the crude mixture obtained after... 

Sodium cyanoborohydride (10) produces mainly 1,4-dihydropyridines (11) in the reduction of 3,5-di-cyano- and 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-pyridines, diborane produces more of the 1,2-isomer. With NBH, mixtures of 1,2- and 1,4-dihydro adducts are produced, the latter predominating when carried out in pyridine solution. Nicotinamide (13) in ethanol can be reduced to (8) in moderate yield at 140 C in diglyme the tetrahydropyridine (8) was isolated in admixture with the piperidine (14), presumably via dehydration of the amide. 3-Nitropyridine affords 3-nitropiperidine in moderate yield when reduced in ethanol. The carboxylic acid and halo derivatives of pyridine are generally not reactive toward NBH. 

Reduction of amides to amines.2 Primary, secondary, and especially tertiary amides are reduced by diborane to the corresponding amines rapidly and almost quantitatively. The reaction is carried out at 25° in the case of tertiary amines, and at reflux for primary and secondary amines. The method is not suitable for unsaturated... 

Appreciably shorter times are needed for reduction of primary, secondary, and tertiary amides to amines by diborane in tetrahydrofuran under nitrogen, and other reducible groups are unaffected.542... 

The synthesis of 3-benzoyl-A-homo-3-aza-5) -androstan-16-one (37), an analogue of the alkaloid samanine (36) from Salamandra maculosa, has been reported. Sodium borohydride reduction of the known compound (38) followed by tosylation alTorded the tosylate (39) the nitrile group was reduced by diborane and cyclized by benzoic anhydride-pyridine to the derivative (40a) similar cyclization with acetic anhydride-pyridine yielded the related acetamide (40b). This cyclization requires one equivalent of anhydride and the uncyclized amide is not an intermediate in the reaction. Jones oxidation of (40a) was followed by conversion into a benzylidene ketone derivative (41) with benzaldehyde-KOH in methanol. Reduction of (41) with sodium borohydride and acetylation furnished (42). Treatment of compound (42) with ozone followed by mild zinc reduction produced an acetoxy-ketone, which was further reduced by Zn-HBr-CH2Cl2 to the ketone (37). 

Amidation of 203 followed by partial hydrolysis affords D-jS-malamic acid (899). Reduction of 899 with diborane furnishes (R)-4-amino-l,2-butanediol (900). Protection of the amine with a Cbz group and conversion of the primary alcohol to a bromide leads to the critical intermediate 901. Alkylation of lysine derivative 902 with 901 and removal of the protecting groups under hydrogenolytic conditions gives hypusine (903). 

Reduction of amides, nitriles, esters, and acids hydroborationJ This system (12 5) in THF reduces amides or nitriles to the conesponding amines in 70-75% yield. Carboxylic acids or esters are reduced to alcohols in 60-90% yield. The actual reagent is diborane, and indeed NaBH4-l2 can effect hydroboration of alkenes. 

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