Detector synchronously pulsed

A pulsed source and a synchronously pulsed detector here the signal again is proportional to Bp, tP and f however, the background level also depends on tP and f and ... 

Figure 6.4 displays the result of this statistical analysis for one single thunderstorm. At the location of the laser filaments (arrow head), 43% (3 out of 7) of the pulses are synchronized with the laser repetition rate, corresponding to a high statistical significance (1 — async = 0.987). The delay mismatch between the RF pulses detected on the different LMA detectors correspond to some tens of meters, typical of spatially spread events, such as a series of... 

Stroboscopic method. In this method the photomultiplier is also gated or pulsed having an on-time of nanosecond or subnanosecond duration during which it operates at very high gain. The flash lamp and the detector systems are synchronized such that a suitable delay can be introduced between the two. The gated photomultiplier samples the photocurrent each time the lamp fires and the photocurrent is thus proportional to the... 

Molecules that are ionized by electron impact in the ion source are accelerated, sent through a conventional 90° magnetic sector analyzer, postaccelerated by a few thousand volts, and arrive at the electron multiplier detector. The output of the electron multiplier detector consists of pulses of about lO- coulomb per ion. The pulses are amplified and sent through a gated amplifier and an electronic switch which is synchronized with the beam chopper so that one of the ion counters records ions only when the beam chopper is open, the other only when the beam chopper is closed. The difference between the two ion counts represents the ion intensity contributed by the molecular beam, while the square root of the sum of the two ion counts is approximately equal to the standard deviation of the measurement and serves as a useful indicator of the quality of the data being obtained. 

The key feature of any time-resolved optical system is the synchronization module which monitors the delays between the pump pulse, the probe pulse, and the detector gate. In the apparatus described here, this has been achieved on the basis of a 100-MHz clock generator, which allows the time delay between the excimer and Nd YAG pulses to be adjusted between 0 and 10 ms with a 10-ns step.23... 

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