Desirable behaviour, encouragement

Because of the ways in which punishment and reward operate, it is usually much more effective to try to encourage the desired behaviour than it is to punish the undesirable ... 

Negative Reinforcement encourages a desired behaviour when the consequence is removed. People will work to avoid certain outcomes such as reprimand, suspension or dismissal. They will choose to repeat a behaviour which avoids or escapes this sort of negative outcome, thereby making the required behaviour more likely to be repeated. Punishment reinforcers aim to decrease tiie likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated. This type of reinforcement employs the giving of an unacceptable response such as criticism or the allocation of undesired work as a means of reducing the recurrence of the undesirable behaviour. 

Two of the three restraints on displacement parameters (DELU, SIMU) take into account the fact that atoms, which are bound to one another, move similarly, both in direction and amount (Hirschfeld 1976 Didisheim and Schwarzenbach 1987). The third one (ISOR) encourages approximate isotropic behaviour for otherwise anisotropically refined atoms. Both SiMU and DELU are based on physically very sensible assumptions and can be used on all or almost all atoms in a model when the data to parameter ratio is low or other problems with the refinement make this seem desirable. SIMU, however, should not be applied to very small ions, isolated atoms and atoms that are part of freely rotating groups. 

Compelling a person to use protection from the consequences of hazardous driving, as seatbelt laws do, fails to make their driving less hazardous. A fine for non-compliance will encourage seatbelt use, but the law fails to increase people s desire to be safe and thus provokes compensatory behaviour. 

---