Deposition efficiency curves

OIL DEPOSIT-Ma PER 100 SQ. CENTIMETERS Rgure 5. Dosage-Control Efficiency Curves Based on Data Obtained in 1948 and... 

As seen from the figures, if deposition rate is most important, then in that case baths can be formulated for high current densities and operated in the range where efficiency just begins to decrease. It should be noted that if good throwing power is essential, then steeply sloping efficiency curves are desirable. 

Figure 2 shows the deposition of particles of different sizes in the various regions of the respiratory tract during quiet breathing. The data presented in Fig. 2 are calculated on the basis of a theoretical model developed by the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP 1994). It takes into account that particle deposition in the lung is predominantly governed by three physical processes impaction, sedimentation and diffusion. The model reproduces quite well the available experimental data. The efficiency of deposition in the respiratory tract may generally be described as a U-shaped curve on a plot of deposition efficiency versus the of log particle diameter as in Fig. 2. Total deposition shows a minimum for particle diameters in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 pm, where particles are small enough to have minimal sedimentation or impaction and sufficiently large so...

The group in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [55] has fabricated a macroscale device by depositing the conducting polymer (poly(/j-phenylenevinylene)) on the MWCNT film (Fig. 16). They have observed the characteristic rectifying effect from the l-V curve, which suggests the CNTs inject holes efficiently into the polymer layer. However, due to the difficulty in... 

Hiratsuka et al102 used water-soluble tetrasulfonated Co and Ni phthalocyanines (M-TSP) as homogeneous catalysts for C02 reduction to formic acid at an amalgamated platinum electrode. The current-potential and capacitance-potential curves showed that the reduction potential of C02 was reduced by ca. 0.2 to 0.4 V at 1 mA/cm2 in Clark-Lubs buffer solutions in the presence of catalysts compared to catalyst-free solutions. The authors suggested that a two-step mechanism for C02 reduction in which a C02-M-TSP complex was formed at ca. —0.8 V versus SCE, the first reduction wave of M-TSP, and then the reduction of C02-M-TSP took place at ca. -1.2 V versus SCE, the second reduction wave. Recently, metal phthalocyanines deposited on carbon electrodes have been used127 for electroreduction of C02 in aqueous solutions. The catalytic activity of the catalysts depended on the central metal ions and the relative order Co2+ > Ni2+ Fe2+ = Cu2+ > Cr3+, Sn2+ was obtained. On electrolysis at a potential between -1.2 and -1.4V (versus SCE), formic acid was the product with a current efficiency of ca. 60% in solutions of pH greater than 5, while at lower pH... 

The novel cluster-like chalcogenide material RuxSey deposited in thin [5, 26, 31, 36] and ultra-thin layers [9, 11] or in powder form embedded in a polymer matrix [30] was found to be an efficient catalyst for the molecular oxygen reduction in acid medium. Fig. 5.10 summarizes the current-potential (j-E) characteristics as a function of the substrate s nature. First of all, one can appreciate that similar activities are obtained from materials synthesized in powder or in colloidal form when deposited onto GC (Fig. 5.10, compare curves (1) and (2)). For the sake of comparison, the j-E characteristic generated on the naked GC substrate for the electrochemical process is contrasted in curve (5). 

At current densities corresponding to the curve ABC the deposition of metal is the only process which consumes the whole quantity of the current passing through the cell the current efficiency within this range, therefore, equals hundred per cent. At current densities above the limiting current the electrolysis along the curve CD actually comprises two electrolytical processes so only a part of the current is used for the required process and as a result the current... 

The efficiency predicted by Eq. 8.15 is only a rough estimate the equation estimates a shape in the efficiency-versus-particle-size curve that is different from what is actually observed. There are a number of factors not considered in this elementary derivation. First, laminar flow is assumed, but turbulent flow is often observed in practice. The effect of turbulence will be to move particles away from the cyclone walls or resuspend deposited ones. Hence, turbulence will decrease cyclone efficiency. Second, the width of the cyclone inlet is not as important a parameter as overall cyclone diameter, since it is the width of an element of gas within the cyclone that determines particle deposi-... 

Figure 20 The spectral dependencies of the photogeneration efficiencies of vapor-deposited amorphous (lower curve) and poly crystalline (upper curve) layers of PECI. The efficiencies were computed on an incident photon basis.

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