Dependence, universal

Mass spectrometers Interface dependent Interface dependent Universal, within limits imposed by interface Complex, expensive devices highly dependent on an efficient interface electrospray and thermospray interfaces are most common linear response is difficult to achieve... 

Department of Experimental Biology/ Center of Excellence for the Neurobiology of Dependence/ University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy C.N.R. Institute of Neuroscience, Section of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy... 

Department of Toxicology and Center of Excellence for Neurobiology of Dependence University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy E-mail morelli unica.it... 

O Brien, C. (1995). Nicotine dependence. University of Pennsylvania Health System, Internet Alcohol Recovery Center. 

The solution for the MEP, as shown above, is time independent. Of course, molecular systems exist in a time dependent universe and they are constantly exercising motions on the PES different than the specific motion described by the MEP. An alternative picture for the reaction path is to allow the nuclei to move on the PES according to Newton s equations of motion. In terms of time, the coordinates of the system at time t, x, can be given by the Taylor expansion... 

Jonscher suggested the following power law dependence (universal dynamic or dielectric response) [23]... 

Note that in liquid phase chromatography there are no detectors that are both sensitive and universal, that is, which respond linearly to solute concentration regardless of its chemical nature. In fact, the refractometer detects all solutes but it is not very sensitive its response depends evidently on the difference in refractive indices between solvent and solute whereas absorption and UV fluorescence methods respond only to aromatics, an advantage in numerous applications. Unfortunately, their coefficient of response (in ultraviolet, absorptivity is the term used) is highly variable among individual components. 

Tannor D J 2001 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics A Time Dependent Perspective (Mill Valley, CA University Science Books)... 

Within this contimiiim approach Calm and Flilliard [48] have studied the universal properties of interfaces. While their elegant scheme is applicable to arbitrary free-energy fiinctionals with a square gradient fomi we illustrate it here for the important special case of the Ginzburg-Landau fomi. For an ideally planar mterface the profile depends only on the distance z from the interfacial plane. In mean field approximation, the profile m(z) minimizes the free-energy fiinctional (B3.6.11). This yields the Euler-Lagrange equation... 

Analytic teclmiques often use a time-dependent generalization of Landau-Ginzburg ffee-energy fiinctionals. The different universal dynamic behaviours have been classified by Hohenberg and Halperin [94]. In the simple example of a binary fluid (model B) the concentration difference can be used as an order parameter m.. A gradient in the local chemical potential p(r) = 8F/ m(r) gives rise to a current j... 

The Universal Force Field, UFF, is one of the so-called whole periodic table force fields. It was developed by A. Rappe, W Goddard III, and others. It is a set of simple functional forms and parameters used to model the structure, movement, and interaction of molecules containing any combination of elements in the periodic table. The parameters are defined empirically or by combining atomic parameters based on certain rules. Force constants and geometry parameters depend on hybridization considerations rather than individual values for every combination of atoms in a bond, angle, or dihedral. The equilibrium bond lengths were derived from a combination of atomic radii. The parameters [22, 23], including metal ions [24], were published in several papers. 

ZINDO/1 IS based on a modified version of the in termediate neglect of differen tial overlap (IXDO), which was developed by Michael Zerner of the Quantum Theory Project at the University of Florida. Zerner s original INDO/1 used the Slater orbital exponents with a distance dependence for the first row transition metals only. Ilow ever. in HyperChein constant orbital expon en ts are used for all the available elein en ts, as recommended by Anderson. Friwards, and Zerner. Inorg. Chem. 2H, 2728-2732.iyH6. 

The dependence of on dihedral angle is re ferred to as the Karplus relationship after Martin Karplus (Harvard University) who offered the presently accepted theoretical treat ment of it... 

Molecular mechanics depends on the concept of atom types and parameters associated with these atom types. Since the number of atom types is very large for the universe of possible molecules, parameters will probably be missing for a random new molecule unless a force field has been developed for molecules similar to the new molecule. Molecular mechanics predicts how the new molecule will behave based upon the behavior of known, similar molecules. 

However, as given by group renormalization theory (45), the values of the universal exponents depend on the (thermodynamic) dimensionality of the system. For four dimensions (as required by the phase rule for the existence of tricritical points), the exponents have classical values. This means the values are multiples of 1/2. The dimensions of the volume of tietriangles are (31)... 

Antagonism between antimony oxide and phosphoms flame retardants has been reported in several polymer systems, and has been explained on the basis of phosphoms interfering with the formation or volatilization of antimony haUdes, perhaps by forming antimony phosphate (12,13). This phenomenon is also not universal, and depends on the relative amounts of antimony and phosphoms. Some useful commercial poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) formulations have been described for antimony oxide and triaryl phosphates (42). Combinations of antimony oxide, halogen compounds, and phosphates have also been found useful in commercial flexible urethane foams (43). 

The heat-transfer coefficient depends on particle size distribution, bed voidage, tube size, etc. Thus a universal correlation to predict heat-transfer coefficients is not available. However, the correlation of Andeen and Ghcksman (22) is adequate for approximate predictions ... 

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