Density functional theory alternative approach

The hyperpolarizability of tin derivatives can alternatively be computed within the framework of the density functional theory (DFT) approach (e.g. at the B3PW91/6-31+G /LANL2DZ(Sn) level), using the time-consuming finite field procedure. " The use of a pseudo-potential is required to allow the description of relativistic effects for tin. In this approach, p is obtained as the numerical partial derivative of the energy (W) with respect to the electric field (E), evaluated at zero field, according to the following equation ... 

A currently popular alternative to the ah initio method is density functional theory, in which the energy is expressed in terms of the electron density rather than the wave-function itself. The advantage of this approach is that it is less demanding computationally, requires less computer time, and in some cases—particularly for d-metal complexes—gives better agreement with experimental values than other procedures. 

Stener and co-workers [59] used an alternative B-spline LCAO density functional theory (DFT) method in their PECD investigations [53, 57, 60-63]. In this approach a normal LCAO basis set is adapted for the continuum by the addition of B-spline radial functions. A large single center expansion of such... 

An alternative approach to conventional methods is the density functional theory (DFT). This theory is based on the fact that the ground state energy of a system can be expressed as a functional of the electron density of that system. This theory can be applied to chemical systems through the Kohn-Sham approximation, which is based, as the Hartree-Fock approximation, on an independent electron model. However, the electron correlation is included as a functional of the density. The exact form of this functional is not known, so that several functionals have been developed. 

Since the early days of quantum mechanics, the wave function theory has proven to be very successful in describing many different quantum processes and phenomena. However, in many problems of quantum chemistry and solid-state physics, where the dimensionality of the systems studied is relatively high, ab initio calculations of the structure of atoms, molecules, clusters, and crystals, and their interactions are very often prohibitive. Hence, alternative formulations based on the direct use of the probability density, gathered under what is generally known as the density matrix theory [1], were also developed since the very beginning of the new mechanics. The independent electron approximation or Thomas-Fermi model, and the Hartree and Hartree-Fock approaches are former statistical models developed in that direction [2]. These models can be considered direct predecessors of the more recent density functional theory (DFT) [3], whose principles were established by Hohenberg,... 

This survey of theoretical methods for a qualitative description of homogeneous catalysis would not be complete without a mention to the Hartree-Fock-Slater, or Xot, method [36]. This approach, which can be formulated as a variation of the LDA DFT, was well known before the formal development of density functional theory, and was used as the more accurate alternative to extended Hiickel in the early days of computational transition metal chemistry. 

The explicit construction to which Cioslowski refers is that provided by the density-driven approach, advanced in 1988. But, already in 1986, an alternative way for carrying out this explicit construction had been set forward by Kryachko, Petkov and Stoitsov [28]. This new approach - based on localscaling transformations - was further developed by these same authors [29, 30, 32, 34], by Kryachko and Ludena [1, 20, 31, 33, 35-37], and by Koga [51]. In this Section we show that Cioslowski s density-driven method corresponds to a finite basis representation of the local-scaling transformation version of density functional theory [38]. 

By contrast, the alternative PCM-LR approach [15-17] determines in a single step calculation the excitation energies for a whole manifold of excited states. This general theory may be combined with the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) as QM level for the solute. Within the PCM-TDDFT formalism, the excitation energies are obtained by proper diagonalization of the free energy functional Hessian. 

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