Deep-tissue optical imaging

We have shown the limitations clearly in a recent, very critical article on the promise of these nanoparticles for deep-tissue optical imaging [89]. The laser scanning mode became inordinately long, because one had to wait for at least 5(X) ps before one could go to the next pixel, because otherwise the emission from the previous pixel would also be picked up (an effect the experts call bleeding ) and so spoil the optical sectioning. In this work, we also... 

Despite the issues related to image resolution and sensitivity or the limitations of optical imaging deep tissue due to light absorption and scatter, reporter... 

Various optical detection methods have been used to measure pH in vivo. Fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy using an inverted microscope was used to determine intracellular pH in tumor cells [5], NMR spectroscopy was used to continuously monitor temperature-induced pH changes in fish to study the role of intracellular pH in the maintenance of protein function [27], Additionally, NMR spectroscopy was used to map in-vivo extracellular pH in rat brain gliomas [3], Electron spin resonance (ESR), which is operated at a lower resonance, has been adapted for in-vivo pH measurements because it provides a sufficient RF penetration for deep body organs [28], The non-destructive determination of tissue pH using near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been employed for pH measurements in the muscle during... 

By taking advantage of the deep penetration depth offered by CARS microscopy with near-infrared laser pulses, CARS tissue imaging has been demonstrated to complement other label-free optical techniques, such as auto-fluorescence that is limited to a few chemical species and optical tomography, second harmonic generation (SHG), and third harmonic generation (THG)... 

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