Data series extending

In conclusion, the maximum adsorption capacity should be measured in fixed-bed experiments under dynamic conditions, and if models are applicable, diffusion coefficients should be also determined in fixed-bed apparatus. Due to the fact that the equilibrium isotherms require extended data series and thus are time-consuming experiments, the latter are quite difficult to be conducted in fixed-bed reactors and from this point of view, it is more practical to evaluated equilibrium isotherms in batch reactor systems. Then, it is known that when applying fixed-bed models using an equilibrium isotherm obtained in batch-type experiments, the equilibrium discrepancy (if it exists) can be compensated by a different estimate for the solid diffusion coefficient (Inglezakis and Grigoropoulu, 2003 Weber and Wang, 1987). 

To operate on a single data series, click on the series. The color-coded range of X values and a single color-coded range of y values will be displayed. To extend the data series, you have to drag the handle for the x values (the purple handle) down, then repeat for the y values. You can t add a new data series by dragging the y values handle (the blue handle) to the right. 

Figure 5-10. Using the color-coded ranges to extend data series in a chart.

A valence density map of uracil is shown in Figure 3. Notice that contrast between O and N is clearly evident, but the density about the protons and C nuclei does not appear as a distinct maximum. For data that extend to v 1.0 A-1 in sin0/X and for root-mean-square amplitudes of vibration larger than 0.14 A, these valence density maps should be free from series termination error.15... 

The second part of this series extends the ideas of free volume to liquids. It is only in the third part that Frank and Evans apply the concept of free volume to aqueous solutions. Examining the experimental data on aqueous solutions of nonelectrolytes, they found striking deviations from the standard behavior. These findings led to the now famous conclusion ... 

An extensive series of hydrocarbons has been studied in cyclohexylamine, with the use of cesium cyclohexylamide as base. For many of the compounds studied, spectroscopic measurements were used to determine the relative extent of deprotonation of two hydrocarbons and thus establish relative acidity. For other hydrocarbons, the acidity was derived by kinetic measurements. It was shown that the rate of tritium exchange for a series of related hydrocarbons is linearly related to the equilibrium acidities of these hydrocarbons in the solvent system. This method was used to extend the scale to hydrocarbons such as toluene for which the exchange rate, but not equilibrium data, can be obtained. Representative values of some hydrocarbons withpAT values ranging from 16 to above 40 are given in Table 7.2. 

In the past three years, MC-ICPMS has emerged as an alternative to TIMS for precise measurement of the U-series isotopes with comparable or better precision. U-Th isotopes can now be routinely measured at the sub-permil level. Previously, this had only been demonstrated using charge-collection TIMS applied to thorium isotope measurement. Data collection efficiency, sample size requirements, and detection limits can also be greatly improved over TIMS. For the U- U- Th system applied to carbonate samples, this has extended the dating range beyond 600,000 years, and °Th-age uncertainties of 2000 years are now attainable on 300,000 year-old samples (e g., Stirling et al. 2001). 

The PULSAR units are high efficiency static aerators that have been developed for municipal wastewater treatment plants and have successfully been used over extended periods of time without any operational problems such as unstable operation or plugging up during intermittent operation of the air pumps (Chourda-kis, 1999). Data have been collected from a pilot plant unit at the Wastewater Treatment plant of the Industrial Park (Herakleion, Crete). A series of experiments were conducted for the determination of the mass transfer coefficient (kLa) and are shown in Figure 17.4. The data are also available in tabular form as part of the parameter estimation input files provided with the enclosed CD. 

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