Damage calculation

L. R. Greenwood and R. K. Smither, SPECTER Neutron Damage Calculations for Materials Irradiations, ANL/FPP-TM-197, 1985. 

For many years chloroform (CHCI3) was used as an inhalation anesthetic in spite of the fact that it is also a toxic substance that may cause severe liver, kidney, and heart damage. Calculate the percent composition by mass of this compound. 

The main idea of using an experimental-based model approach for damage calculation is discussed in the following. A brief introduction to known damage accumulation ideas is given. Additionally several aspects of system and parameter identification are described. Hence, the new approach is explained and the results of calculations are shown. This contribution closes with a discussion of the results and an outlook to future work. 

To overcome some of these drawbacks a new approach is developed in the following. The collective of identical systems will not be operated imder identical operating conditions but arbitrary and known ones. Real systems are operated under real varying conditions until they fail at different points in time. So un-equal operating conditions (as they appear in reality), the load history and point in time when the stress is apphed will be considered and fed back to the damage calculation model. Assuming identical damaging effects as well as identical accumulation the accuracy of the calculation improves over the number of failed systems. 

Hemodynamics. The human heart acts as a muscular pump that beats an average of 72 times a minute. Each of the two ventricles pumps 70 milliliters of blood per beat or 5 liters per minute. Blood pressure is measured and reported as two numbers the systolic pressure exerted by the heart during contraction and the diastolic pressure, when the heart is between contractions. Hemodynamics is the study of forces related to the circulation of the blood. The hemodynamic performance of artificial organs must match that of the natural body to operate efficiently without resulting in damage. Calculations may be made using computational fluid dynamics (GFD) relevant parameters include solute concentration, density, temperature, and water concentration. In addition to artificial hearts, which are intended to perform all cardiac functions, there is a mechanical circulatory implement called a ventricular assist... 

Table 5.5 -1 summarises the core damage end states that emerge as the dominant ones at the end of plant core damage calculations. The frequency of each plant damage state is calculated by adding the frequencies of all the Level 1 sequences. Each plant damage state is connected to a containment event tree. 

A damage calculation based upon this composit curve yielded a projected time to failure of 4.7 years. Correspondingly, an accounting for the initial, unintended overload cycles reduces this to 4.2 years. Comparison of this value... 

In a 1-sec time interval, the sine waves at 1, 10 and 20 Hz represent 1 cycle, 10 cycles and 20 cycles, respectively. Then, using the Miner s rule the total linear damage calculation for this time interval is... 

Fdsd significant damage, calculated for a seismic action with probability of exceedance of 10 % in 50 years... 

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