D Integrated Microprocessor System

In Chapter 1, we discussed the performance gap between microprocessors and DRAM based main memory. The so-called memory wall affects microprocessor performance in two aspects bandwidth and latency. Latency is the waiting time after a memory request is sent to the memory controller, while bandwidth is the maximum throughput a memory system could provide. 

Compared with bandwidth, memory latency is improved at an even slower pace. The classical way to hide the excessive latency is to place frequently used 

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