Cytoplasm activity

The mechanism of the initial, cytoplasmic, activation of the fatty acids was established in Lipmann s laboratory ... 

In addition to catalase, the enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase are important elements in the cellular defenses against free radical oxygen. Cytoplasmic activity of glutathione peroxidase was decreased in rats by 14 and 28 days of exposure to doses of 500-2,000 mg/kg/day DEHP (Elliott and Elcombe 1987 Perera et al. 1986) and superoxide dismutase activity was decreased by a 28 day exposure of rats to 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day (Elliott and Elcombe 1987). Glutathione... 

Godeny, M.D., and Sayeski, P.P. 2006b. ERK1/2 regulates ANG Il-dependent cell proliferation via cytoplasmic activation of RSK2 and nuclear activation of elkl. Am. J. Physiol. 291 C 1308-1317. 

Active translocation driven by cytoplasmic activities. This type of translocation involves the activities of motor-proteins acting on the cytoskeleton. 

Levy DE, Kessler DS, Pine R, Darnell JE Jr Cytoplasmic activation of ISGF3, the positive regulator of interferon-a-stimulated transcription, reconstituted in vitro. Genes Dev 1989 3 1362-1371. 

Gopinath, R. M., and Vincenzi, F. F., 1977, Phosphodiesterase protein activator mimics red blood cell cytoplasmic activator of (Ca +-Mg +) ATPase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 77 1203. 

There is evidence of the involvement of the ER in protein synthesis (microsome particles) and in intra-cellular transport and if enzymes are built into the ER membranes then it may be a major site of cytoplasmic activity, the location of the soluble enzymes of the cell. 

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