Cylindrically orthotropic

There are several resources available for designing filament-wound cylinders. In general, filament-wound cylinders are classified as cylindrically orthotropic. Adjacent helical plies, loading conditions can be determined by following the principles of laminated plate theory [7]. When applying laminated plate theory, the plate consists of the cylinder wall. In this case, the effect of cylinder curvature is neglected, and the Q and z axes are considered the planar axes of the plate. Failure criteria applied in laminated plate theory, such as maximum stress or strain, or the quadratic Tsai-Wu failure criteria [7] may also be applied. Several specialized loading cases have been studied. 

Cirino, M. Axisymmetric and Cylindrically Orthotropic Analysis of Filament Winding (1989) Newark, Delaware, University of Delaware... 

Chiu and co-workers [44] measured the cylindrical orthotropic thermal conductivity of spiral woven fabric composites using a mathematical model that they had devised previously. A parameter estimation technique was used to evaluate the thermal properties of spiral woven fabric composites to verify the predictability of the mathematical model. Good agreement was found between the temperatures measured in a transient heat conduction experiment and those calculated using the prediction equations formulated by the estimated parameters. 

Chiu and cowoikers [69] measured the cylindrical orthotropic thermal conductivity of spiral woven fabric composites. 

Robert M. Jones, Buckling of Stiffened Multilayered Circular Cylindrical Shells with Different Orthotropic Moduli in Tension and Compression, AtAA Journal, May 1971, pp. 917-923. 

Pagano studied cylindrical bending of symmetric cross-ply laminated composite plates [6-21]. Each layer is orthotropic and has principal material directions aligned with the plate axes. The plate is infinitely long in the y-direction (see Figure 6-16). When subjected to a transverse load, p(x), that is, p is independent of y, the plate deforms into a cylinder ... 

Robert M. Jones, Buckling of Circular Cylindrical Shells with Multiple Orthotropic Layers and Eccentric Stiffeners, AIAA Journal, December 1968, pp. 2301-2305. Errata, October 1969, p. 2048. 

Theret et al. [1988] analyzed the micropipette experiment with endothelial cell. The cell was interpreted as a linear elastic isotropic half-space, and the pipette was considered as an axisymmetric rigid ptmch. This approach was later extended to a viscoelastic material of the cell and to the model of the cell as a deformable layer. The solutions were obtained both analytically by using the Laplace transform and numerically by using the finite element method. Spector et al. [ 1998] analyzed the application of the micropipette to a cylindrical cochlear outer hair cell. The cell composite membrane (wall) was treated as an orthotropic elastic shell, and the corresponding problem was solved in terms of Fourier series. Recently, Hochmuth [2000] reviewed the micropipette technique applied to the analysis of the cellular properties. 

The second type of explanation for finding values of R less than 3 involves the assumption that the emission and absorption axes of the fluorescent molecule are not coincident. Kimura et al. have considered a model in which the absorption and emission axes each have, independently, a cylindrically symmetric distribution of orientations around a third unique axis in the molecule, and Nobbs et al. have considered a model which includes both this and the possibility that there is a fixed angle between the emission and absorption axes which are otherwise uniformly distributed around a third unique axis. In the more general model at least three parameters are required to specify the relationships between the directions of the emission and absorption axes and that of the unique axis of a fluorescent molecule and these are not generally known. For orthotropic symmetry, five v, are required to characterise the distribution of orientations of the unique axes and if the constant NqIo is included, there is a total of at least nine unknown quantities. No attempt has so far been made to evaluate these from intensity measurements on an orthotropic sample. For a uniaxial sample only two parameters, cos O and cos O, are required for characterising the distribution of orientations and by making various approximations the total number of unknown quantities can be reduced to six. Their evaluation then becomes a practical possibility. 

Besides frequently having orthotropous capsules, epiphytic pleurocarps possess several other sporophytic character states more often than species of other habitats. These include short setae, ovoid to cylindrical and straight capsules, round stomatal pores, lack of or a poorly developed separating annulus, rostrate lids, papillose lower exostome outer surface, reduced exostome primary... 

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