Cylindrical-electrostatic field, analysis

The retardation and deflection techniques represent the simplest methods of analysis using electrostatic fields. More sophisticated methods of electrostatic analysis are, of course, available and both cylindrical and hemispherical electrostatic analysers have been used to measure translational energies of ions formed by decomposition within ion sources [633, 667, 789, 790]. A Wien filter has been similarly employed [163]. 

In electron spectroscopic techniques—among which XPS is the most important—analysis of the energies of electrons ejected from a surface is central. Because of the low kinetic energies involved in the techniques, analyzers using magnetic fields are undesirable. Therefore the energy analyzers used are exclusively of the electrostatic deflection type. The two that are now universally employed are the concentric hemispherical analyzer (CHA) and the cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA). Since both have been used in XPS, both are described here, although in practice the CHA is more suitable for XPS, and the CMA for AES. 

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