Cyclohydrolase, reaction

The structures of the folic acid derivatives and the cyclohydrolase reaction are shown in Fig. 6. Interconversion of these compounds also took place spontaneously at a slow rate (111). AT -Tetrahydrofolic acid was not utilized in transformylation reactions unless it first was converted to an active form (96,108, Hi). 

In E. coli GTP cyclohydrolase catalyzes the conversion of GTP (33) into 7,8-dihydroneoptetin triphosphate (34) via a three-step sequence. Hydrolysis of the triphosphate group of (34) is achieved by a nonspecific pyrophosphatase to afford dihydroneopterin (35) (65). The free alcohol (36) is obtained by the removal of residual phosphate by an unknown phosphomonoesterase. The dihydroneoptetin undergoes a retro-aldol reaction with the elimination of a hydroxy acetaldehyde moiety. Addition of a pyrophosphate group affords hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydroptetin pyrophosphate (37). Dihydropteroate synthase catalyzes the condensation of hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropteroate pyrophosphate with PABA to furnish 7,8-dihydropteroate (38). Finally, L-glutamic acid is condensed with 7,8-dihydropteroate in the presence of dihydrofolate synthetase. 

This interesting conversion of a five- into a six-membered heterocyclic ring was proven by the isolation of the enzyme GTP-cyclohydrolase from E. coli (71MI21600) and a similar one from Lactobacillus platarum (B-71MI21601) which catalyzes the reaction (300)(303). Dephosphorylation leads to 7,8-dihydro-D-neopterin (304), which is then cleaved in the side-chain to 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin (305), the direct precursor of 7,8-dihy-dropteroic acid and 7,8-dihydrofolic acid (224). The alcohol (305) requires ATP and Mg " for the condensation with p-aminobenzoic and p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid, indicating pyrophosphate formation to (306) prior to the substitution step. 

FIGURE 40-2 The phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) pathway. Phenylketonuria usually is caused by a congenital deficiency of PAH (reaction 1), but it also can result from defects in the metabolism of biopterin, which is a cofactor for the hydroxylase. Enzymes (1) Phenylalanine hydroxylase (2) Dihydropteridine reductase (3) GTP cyclohydrolase (4) 6-pyruvoyltetrahydrobiopterin synthase. BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin DEDT, o-erythro-dihydroneopterin triphosphate QH2, dihydrobiopterin. 

This enzyme [EC 1.1.1.23] catalyzes the reaction of l-histidinol with two NAD+ to produce L-histidine and two NADH. L-Histidinal will also serve as a substrate for this protein. The Neurospora crassa enzyme will also catalyze the reactions of phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase [EC 3.5.4.19] and phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase [EC 3.6.1.31]. 

This enzyme [EC 3.6.1.31] catalyzes the hydrolysis of 5-phosphoribosyl-ATP to produce 5-phosphoribosyl-AMP and pyrophosphate (or, diphosphate). The Neurospora crassa enzyme also catalyzes the reactions of histidinol dehydrogenase and phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase. 

Both the fungus Eremothecium (Box 15-B) and mutants of Saccharomyces have been used to deduce the pathways of riboflavin synthesis outlined in Figure 25-20. The first reaction (step a) is identical to step a of Fig. 25-19 but is catalyzed by a different GTP cyclohydrolase.362 Instead of an Amadori rearrangement it catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination and dephosphorylation (step b) to give the flavin precursor... 

The enzymatic activity of amido phosphoribosyltransferase (P-Rib-PP— PR A) is low and flux through the de novo pathway in vivo is regulated by the end-products, AMP, IMP and GMP. Inhibition of reaction 1 by dihydrofolate polyglutamates would signal the unavailability of /V1()-formyl tetrahydrofolate, required as a substrate at reactions 3 and 9 of the pathway. The purine pathway is subject to further regulation at the branch point from IMP XMP is a potent inhibitor of IMP cyclohydrolase (FAICAR—> IMP), AMP inhibits adenylosuccinate synthetase (IMP—> sAMP) and GMP inhibits IMP dehydrogenase (IMP— XMP). 

A bifunctional enzyme, comprising the activities of AIR carboxylase and SAICAR synthetase, catalyzes reactions 6 and 7 of the purine pathway (AIR—> CAIR— SAICAR Fig. 15-16). A second bifunctional enzyme, IMP synthase, containing the activities of AICAR transformylase and IMP cyclohydrolase, catalyzes reactions 9 and 10 of the pathway (AICAR — FAICAR— IMP Fig. 15-16). Human IMP synthase has a subunit molecular weight of 62.1 kDa and associates as a dimer. A... 

The precursors for riboflavin biosynthesis in plants and microorganisms are guanosine triphosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate. As shown in Figure 7.3, the first step is hydrolytic opening of the imidazole ring of GTP, with release of carbon-8 as formate, and concomitant release of pyrophosphate. This is the same as the first reaction in the synthesis ofpterins (Section 10.2.4), but utilizes a different isoenzyme of GTP cyclohydrolase (Bacher et al., 2000, 2001). 

As shown in Figure 10.2, the pteridine nucleus is synthesized from GTP, in a sequence of reactions catalyzed by a different isoenzyme of GTP cyclohydrolase... 

Patients with a variety of cancers and some viral diseases excrete relatively large amounts of neopterin, formed by dephosphorylation and oxidation of dihydroneopterin triphosphate, an intermediate in biopterin synthesis. This reflects the induction of GTP cyclohydrolase by interferon-y and tumor necrosis factor-a in response to the increased requirement for tetrahydrobiopterin for nitric oxide synthesis (Section 10.4.2). It is thus a marker of ceU-mediated immune reactions and permits monitoring of disease progression (Werner et al., 1993,1998 Berdowska and Zwirska-Korczala, 2001). 

Methylene-, methenyl-, and 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolates are freely interconvertible. The two activities involved - methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and methenyl-tetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase - form a trifunctional enzyme with 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate synthetase (Paukert et al., 1976). This means that single-carbon fragments entering the folate pool in any form other than as methyl-tetrahydrofolate can be readily available for any of the biosynthetic reactions shown in Figure 10.4. 

Methenyl-H4MPT cyclohydrolase is usually assayed in the direction of hydrolysis (Reaction 14), although the dehydration reaction has been demonstrated [100,113, 122,186,356]. While assaying cyclohydrolase in the direction of hydrolysis, the rates... 

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