Cycle-averaged energy

Since the energy of the electromagnetic field fluctuates during one cycle, it is the 1 cycle-averaged energy HR that represents the energy of the field after many cycles. Hence, this is the quantity that we now proceed to quantize. We do so, in the 4 coordinate representation, by replacing the classical momenta with the operators r7 ... 

Although complex notation is often used for the sake of convenience, the electric field, E(r, t), is a classically measurable property and thus must be real, as given in Eq. (2.3). Its direct measurement at optical frequencies, however, is not practicable because of the slow response time of electric field detectors [16]. Instead, intensity (quadrature) detectors using the photoelectric effect are usually employed to record the cycle-averaged energy flux, (c/8Tr) E(r, r) [17], or photons. 

When a material resonance is present, = induced polarization is of Class C in Fig. 2, in which the induced polarization is set up between two real states, the excited ket state, /), and the ground bra state, (g. Figure 3 can represent one-photon absorption, the most common active process. For this case, Eq. (3.2) becomes, with Eq. (3.9),... 

Then the basic stabilization equation for each cycle atom will take into account the average energy of hybridized cycle atoms ... 

For a ten-cycle dyebath reuse sequence, the average energy consumption was calculated, using plant data and Table XXIV, to be 2.85 x 103 BTU/lb. Ten cycles was conservatively assumed to be the maximum number of cycles that the model plant could adequately schedule. 

Figure 4.10. Average energy flows during a bus driving cycle for a SCANIA hybrid fuel cell bus (based on lower heating value of hydrogen). (From A. Folkesson, C. Andersson, P. Alvfors, M. Alakula, L. Overgaard (2003). Real life testing of a hybrid PEM fuel cell bus. J. Power Sources 118,349-357. Used by permission from Elsevier.)...

If the plane wave forms for E(r, t) and P (r, t) in Eqs. (2.3) and (2.5) are introduced into Eq. (3.1), the cycle-averaged total energy exchange rate per unit volume between the radiation field and the medium through... 

The sth order cycle-averaged rate of total energy transfer per unit volume, Wf (r), between the medium and all fields present in the medium is obtained, as given in Eq. (3.2), by adding the contributions from all Fourier components of the field including the signal field at and the incident fields at (oj. Thus, when the phase matching condition is satisfied, Ak =0, Eq. (3.2) can be written as... 

The cycle-averaged rate of energy change in unit volume of the medium, iy (r), can be obtained from Eq. (4.8) simply by multiplying by h(o... 

Cycle Average Burnup = 15,535 MWd/MT Cycle Thermal Energy - 1341.1 GWd... 

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