Cucumber leaf expansion

Blum, U., Dalton, B. R. and Shann, J. R., 1985. Effects of various mixtures of ferulic acid and some of its microbial metabolic products on cucumber leaf expansion and dry matter in nutrient culture. J. Chem. Ecol. 11, 619-641... 

Blum U, Dalton BR, Shann JR (1985b) Effects of feruhc and p-coumaric adds in nutrient culture on cucumber leaf expansion as influenced by pH. J Chem Ecol 11 1567-1582 Blum U, Gerig TM (2005) Relationships between phenohc acid concentrahons, transpirahon, water utilization, leaf area expansion, and uptake of phenohc adds nutrient culture studies. JChem Ecol 31 1907-1932... 

Kenttamaa J, Raisanen S, Auterinen L, Lindbeig JJ (1970) Ionization constants of coniferyl alcohol and related phenols. Suom Kemistilehti B 43 333—336 Klein K, Blum U (1990a) Inhibition of cucumber leaf expansion by fenUic acid in split-root experiments. J Chem Ecol 16 455-463... 

Lehman ME, Blum U (1999a) Influence of pretreatment stresses on inhibitory effects of feriUic acid, an allelopathic phenolic add. J Chem Ecol 25 1517—1529 Lehman ME, Blum U (1999b) Evaluation of ferulic add uptake as a measurement of aUelochemictil dose effective concentration. J Chem Ecol 25 2585-2600 Lehman ME, Blum U, Geiig TM (1994) Simultaneous effects of fetuhe and p-coumaric adds on cucumber leaf expansion in spht-root experiments. J Chem Ecol 20 1773-1782... 

Blum U (2007) Can data derived from field and laboratory bioassays establish the existence of allelopathic interactions in nature In Fujii Y, Hiradate S (eds) Allelopathy new concepts and methodology. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, pp 31-38 Blum U, Dalton BR (1985) Effects of ferulic acid, an allelopathic compound, on leaf expansion of cucumber seedlings grown in nutrient culture. J Chem Ecol 11 279-301 Blum U, Dalton BR, Shann JR (1985a) Effects of various mixtures of ferulic acid and some of its microbial metabolic products on cucumber leaf expansion and dry matter in nutrient culture. J Chem Ecol 11 619-641... 

Blum et al. [142] observed that effects of these simple phenolic compounds on cucumber leaf expansion were reversible, and that normal growth resumed upon removal of these compounds. Preconditioning plants with water stress or exposure to phenolic acids renders the plants less sensitive to the compounds [152]. The effects of these compounds are similar to those of water stress [14, 142, 153]. They can also inhibit ion uptake by plant roots [153]. There is some evidence that at least some of the effects... 

Blum, U. et al. (1985) Effects of ferulic and yj-coumaric acids in nutrient culture on cucumber leaf expansion as influenced by pH.7 Chem. Ecol 11, 1567-1582... 

Since the actual or potential phytotoxicity of a phenolic acid is determined by its physical and chemical properties and the susceptibility of the plant process involved, the actual or potential phytotoxicity of a given phenolic acid is best determined in nutrient culture in the absence of soil processes. The phytotoxicity observed in soil systems represents a realized or observed phytotoxicity, not the actual phytotoxicity, of a given phenolic acid. For example, the actual relative phytotoxicities (or potencies) for cucumber seedling leaf expansion were 1 for ferulic acid, 0.86 for p-coumaric acid, 0.74 for vanillic acid, 0.68 for sinapic acid, 0.67 for syringic acid, 0.65 for caffeic acid, 0.5 for p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 0.35 for protocatechuic acid in a pH 5.8 nutrient culture.5 In Portsmouth Bt-horizon soil (Typic Umbraquaalts, fine loamy, mixed, thermic pH 5.2), they were 1, 0.67, 0.67, 0.7, 0.59, 0.38, 0.35, and 0.13, respectively.19 The differences in phytotoxicity of the individual phenolic acids for nutrient culture and Portsmouth soil bioassays were due to various soil processes listed in the next paragraph and reduced contact (e.g., distribution and movement)36 of phenolic acids with roots in soils. 

Blum, U., S. B. Weed, and B. R. Dalton, Influence of various soil factors on the effects of ferulic acid on leaf expansion of cucumber seedlings. Plant Soil, 98, 111-130 (1987). 

Fig. 2.6 Effects of ferulic acid and initial nutrient solution pH on net phosphorous uptake (a 22 day old r for pH 5.5 = 0.71, and pH 6.5 = 0.45), absolute growth rates of leaf expansion (b 16-18 day old r for pH 5.5 = 0.90, pH 6.25 = 0.69, and pH 7.0 = 0.72), and net water utilization (c 16-18 day old r for pH 5.5 = 0.95, for pH 6.25 = 0.88, and for pH 7.0 = 0.69) of cucumber seedlings. Figures based on regressions and data from Lehman and Blum (1999b) (a) and regressions from Blum et al. (1985b) (b, c). Plenum Publishing Corporation, regressions and data used with permission of Springer Science and Business Media...

Fig. 2.8 Change in absolute and relative rates of leaf expansion of 12 day-old cucumber seedlings as p-coumaric acid declines due to root uptake and microbial utilization in nutrient culture in the presence and absence of aeration, and when solutions were not changed or changed every 4 h. Figures reproduced from Blum and Gerig (2005). Figures used with permission of Springer Science and Business Media...

Fig. 2.21 Concentrations for one to a mixture of four phenolic acids required for a 30% inhibition of mean absolute rates of leaf expansion for 8-18 day old cucumber seediings growing in Portsmouth B soil. Figure reproduced from Blum (1996). Figure used with permission of Society of Nematologists...

Fig. 2.24 Relationships (a) between percent stimulation of rhizosphere bacteria that can utilize phenolic acids as sole carbon sources and percent inhibition of absolute rates of leaf expansion of cucumber seedlings growing in CecU A soU treated with a 0.6 p.mol/g soil 4-equal-molar phenolic acid mixture (a = 0.50), where CPU equals colony-forming units and the 4-phenoUc...

Blum U, Gerig TM (2006) Interrelationships between p-coumaric add, evapotranspiration, soil water content, and leaf expansion. J Chem Ecol 32 1817-1834 Blum U, Gerig TM, Weed SB (1989) Effects of mixtures of phenohc acids on leaf area expansion of cucumber seedlings grown in different pH Portsmouth Ai soil materials. J Chem Ecol 15 2413-2423... 

Fig. 3.19 Effects of total phenoUc acid composed of a 4-equal-molar mixture of p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid,p-hydroxybenzoic add, and vanillic acid on absolute rates of leaf expansion (cm /day r = 0.44) of 12 day-old cucumber seedlings and microbial populations (CFU/g sod F = 0.49) that can utilize phenolic acids as a sole carbon source in Cedi A soil (a). Relationships between phenolic add-utilizing microbes (CPU, colony forming units) and percent inhibition of absolute rates of leaf expansion for cucumber seedlings are presented in (b). Values for (b) were calculated from (a). Figures based on regressions from Blum et al. (2000). Plenum Publishing Corporation, regressions used with permission of Springer Science and Business Media...

Blum U, Weed SB, Dalton BR (1987) Influence of various sod factors on the effects of ferulic acid on leaf expansion of cucumber seedlings. Plant Sod 98 111-130 Blum U, Wentworth TR, Klein K, Worsham AD, King LD, Gerig TM, Lyu S-W (1991) Phenohc acid content of soils from wheat-no till, wheat-conventional tdl, and faUow-conventional tdl soybean cropping systems. 1 Chem Ecol 17 1045-1068 Blum U, Worsham AD, King LD, Gerig TM (1994) Use of water and EDTA extractions to estimate available (free and reversibly bound) phenolic acids in Cecd sods. J Chem Ecol 20 341-359... 

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