Crystal morphology attachment energy

Crystal faces, attachments energies, and morphology prediction... 

Docherty, R., Clydesdale, G., Roberts, K.J. and Bennema, P., 1991. Application of the Bravais-Freidel-Donnay-Harker attachment energy and Ising models to predicting and understanding the morphology of molecular crystals. Journal of Physics D Applied Physics, 24, 89-99. 

Crystals grow by addition of molecules from the surroundings to the exposed faces of the crystal. When there are present in the surroundings not only substrate molecules but also impurity molecules that are stereochemically similar to the substrate, these latter molecules may also add to the surfaces. The result will be a retardation of crystal growth (267). Furthermore, since the energy of the attachment of the impurity will differ from face to face, a modification of the crystal morphology may also result (268,269). 

Docherty, R., G. Clydesdale, K.J. Roberts, and P. Bennema, Application of Bravais-Friedel-Donnay-Harker, Attachment Energy and Ising Models to Understanding the Morphology of Molecular Crystals, J. Physics D Appl. Physics 24 89 (1991). 

The attachment energy and Hartman-Perdok methods for the calculation of crystal morphology has been extended to ionic crystals and is described by Strom et. al. 1999. 

Figure 3.36 Predicted morphology (based on attachment energy considerations) for benzamide. (Reproduced with permission from A.S. Myerson (1999), Molecular Modeling Applications in Crystallization, 1st ed., Cambridge University Press.)...

Morphological simulations based on crystal lattice geometry were initially proposed [52-55]. Subsequent work focused on quantifying the crystal morphology in terms of the interaction energies between crystallising units [31,56]. Attachment and... 

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