Cryogenic liquids, table

Table 8.4 Physical properties of selected cryogenic liquids ...

They are widely employed in the manufacture, storage and distribution of liquified gases, particularly on sea and road tankers. The most popular alloy for cryogenic applications is 4.5% magnesium alloy (N8). Table 3.33 gives the boiling points of the most common cryogenic liquids and the minimum temperatures at which various materials can be used. 

TABLE 2. CRYOGENIC LIQUID BIPROPELLANT COMBINATIONS (AT LEAST ONE PROPELLANT IS CRYOGENIC)... 

TABLE I Selected Properties of Cryogenic Liquids at Normal Boiling Point... 

If handled as a cryogenic liquid, about 12 kWh is required to liquefy each kilogram of H2 and about 1 kWh is needed to store and transport it, for a total of about 13 kWh, which is about 33% of the HHV of the liquid. In Table 1.46, some approximate data are provided on the costs and efficiencies of H2 processing steps. 

Table 1 lists values for a variety of solid materials. Table 2 covers gases liquids and gases values for cryogenic liquids are given at the normal boiling point. Table 3 gives the speed of sound in pure... 

This route was derived from the successful methods developed by Turner, Poliakoff and co-workers for the synthesis of similar complexes in cryogenic liquid noble gas solution [23]. Under those conditions, the low temperatures of the liquid gas solvent helped to stabilize complexes [24], such as Ni(CO)3N2, which would have been very short lived at ambient temperatures. Although this cryogenic stabilization is lost in SCF solution, the loss is compensated at least in part by the high concentration of dissolved H2 or N2, which increases the lifetime of these complexes by reducing the apparent rate of ligand dissociation. There are a number of important points which should be made about the compounds listed in the Table. 

Table I. Selected Experimental Data for Cryogenic Liquids at Saturation...

Table 1 Thermophysical Properties of Cryogenic Liquids Near the Melting Point at Atmospheric Pressure...

Mechanical Properties. Table 2 shows the physical properties of Teflon PFA (28,29). At 20-25°C the mechanical properties of PFA, FEP, and PTFE are similar differences between PFA and FEP become significant as the temperature is increased. The latter should not be used above 200°C, whereas PFA can be used up to 260°C. Tests at liquid nitrogen temperature indicate that PFA performs well in cryogenic applications (Table 3). 

Table 2-2. Fire Extinguishing Agents for Cryogenic Liquid in Fire.

Table 2-3. Flammable and fire hazards of common cryogenic liquids...

Table 5-1. Physical Properties of Cryogenic Liquids (Also see Table 5-3)...

Table 5-3. Explosive and Fire Hazards of Common Cryogenic Liquids...

Table 1.1 Relevant Thermophysical Properties for the Four Primary Cryogenic Liquids...

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