Electron microscopy cryo-scanning

M. E. McCully, Water efflux from the surface of field-grown grass roots observations by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Physiol. Plant. 95 217 (1995). 

Various electron microscopy techniques have been used to study the structures of whippable emulsions such as normal and cryo-scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy using various preparation methods such as freeze fracturing, freeze etching, etc. The literature is quite extensive, and only a few important papers will be discussed in this chapter. 

Ma, Y. 2002. High-Resolution Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy of Latex Film Formation. [HTD, LES]... 

Heat or cool samples while viewing them (while possible in many instruments, it is generally done only in ESEM or during cryo-scanning electron microscopy). 

Low-temperature sublimation has been used to prepare samples for cryo-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis in order to examine herbicide particles in a water suspension. The sublimation of herbicide-containing frozen water droplets provides a suitable etching of the surface for the SEM technique. 

Fig. 7.5 Cryo-scanning electron microscopy micrographs of electrospun polyvinylalcohol loaded with 15% of cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) (Peresin et al. 2010) (copyright (2000) American Chemical Society)...

FIGURE 2.14 Scanning electron microscopy micrograph of a synthetic smectite. (Reprinted from Geoderma, 121, Negre et al.. Characterization of model soil colloids by cryo-scanning electron microscopy, 1-16. Copyright 2004, with permission from Elsevier.)... 

NSgre, M., P. Leone, J. Trichet, C. Defarge, V. Boero, and M. Gennari. 2004. Characterization of model soil colloids by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Geoderma 121, no. 1-2 1-16. doi 10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.09.011. 

Generally, latex-modified mortar and concrete provide a good workability over conventional cement mortar and concrete. This is mairdy interpreted in terms of improved consistency due to the ball bearing action of polymer particles and entrained air and the dispersing effect of surfactants in the latexes. Tateyashiki, et al.f 1 proved by zeta-potential determination and cryo-scanning electron microscopy that the improved consistency or fluidity is due to the ball bearing action of the polymer particles among cement particles. 

S.2.4 Nation /Zirconium Phosphate Bauer and WiUert-Porada [185] obtained Nafion 117 membranes filled with zirconium phosphate, characterized by various techniques (cryo-scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, and X-ray diffraction). These authors noted that the water content of the membranes was increased by the fillers and there was a strong influence of the filler concentration on both the mechanical properties and the glass transition temperature. A decrease in the methanol permeation was also observed. Zirconium phosphate also behaved as a stabilizer for the polymeric matrix. 

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