Crustal deformation

Anticlinal traps which are the result of ductile crustal deformations... 

High and low stands of sea level are directly recorded as sedimentary coastal onlap sequences and as erosional terraces. These records are complicated in regions of crustal instability, and the rate and nature of crustal deformation determines whether evidence of short-term or long-term sea-level fluctuations are preserved and how easily this evidence is interpreted. Because continental basement warps and fractures through time, and because evidence of sea level is erased by erosion, the interpretation of this evidence to produce sea-level curves for the Phanerozoic has been a subject of considerable debate. 

Estimates of deformation conditions during crustal deformation from studies of quartz microstructures. Blenkinsop and Drury (1988) studied the microstructures in quartzites associated with the development of a fault that forms part of a thrust belt in the Cantabrian Mountains of northwest Spain. The thickness of the overlying sediments suggests that the deformation occurred at shallow depths in the upper crust at pressures of 60-100 MPa. The deformation temperature was estimated to be 150 -250°C from the illite crystallinity. 

Wu YM, Chen DY, Lin TL, Hsieh CY, Chin TL, Chang WY, Li WS, Ker SH (2013) A high density seismic network for earthquake early warning in Taiwan based on low cost sensors. Seismol Res Lett Yu SB, Kuo LC, Punongbayan RS, Ramos EG (1999) GPS observation of crustal deformation in the Taiwan-Luzon region. Geophys Res Lett 26 923-926... 

Cappa F, Rutqvist J, Yamamoto K (2009) Modeling crustal deformation and rupture processes related to upwelling of deep C02-rich fluids during the 1965-1967 Matsushiro earthquake swarm in Japan. J Geophys Res 114, B10304. doi 10.1029/... 

If the baseline is short enough to assume that the measured phases are equally affected by the troposphere and ionosphere at both receivers, ij and y are also canceled through the double-difference operation. However, such assumption is generally incorrect in case of determining the crustal deformation, because the baseline is generally over a few to tens of kilometers. 

Displacements of the Earth s surface are monitored with permanent GNSS networks. The determined displacement vectors are used for studying crustal deformation associated with earthquakes, determining the geometry of fault plane, and estimating strain accumulation. 

It is considered that there are spatial variations in the degree of coupling on the fault plane (asperity model). This means that some parts on the fault plane are strongly coupled and the other parts slowly slip or mpture at relatively small earthquakes. As the plates are moved, the crustal deformation occurs and strains are accumulated aroimd the strongly coupled zone. The... 

Hooper A, Segall P, Zebker H (2007) Persistent scatterer InSAR for crustal deformation analysis, with application to Volcan Alcedo, Galapagos. J Geophys Res 112 B07407... 

Hooper A, Bekaert D, Spaans K, Ankan M (2012) Recent advances in SAR interferometry time series analysis for measuring crustal deformation. Tectonophysics 514 1-13... 

Hanks TC, Kanamori H (1979) A moment magnitude scale. J Geophys Res 84 2348-2350 Hsu Y-J, Yu S-B, Simons M, Kuo L-C, Chen H-Y (2009) ftiterseismic crustal deformation in the Taiwan plate boundary zone revealed by GPS observations, seismicity, and earthquake focal mechanisms. Tectonophysics 479 4-18... 

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