Cross dicarboximides

Develop common label statements to warn of resistance and restrict the use of other dicarboximides with cross-resistance. 

Studies with Other Dicarboximides and the Possibility of Cross Enhancement... 

Table IV. Cross Enhancement between Different Dicarboximide...

In Botrytis, dicarboximide and phenylpyrrole resistant laboratory strains [12,18] and less sensitive field isolates [13, 19] are usually found to be mutated in Dafl, the histidine kinase homologous to Os-1. However, field isolates less sensitive to dicarboximide fungicides were reported to retain wild-type levels of sensitivity to phenylpyrroles [18-20]. Vignutelli et al. [21] crossed a field resistant strain of Botrytis with a sensitive one and found that dicarboximide resistance segregated separately from phenylpyrrole resistance, suggesting different genes regulate... 

The inherent risk for development of resistance towards phenylpyrroles is considered as medium [39]. No cross-resistance has been reported between phenylpyrroles and products of other chemical classes, including benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, N-phenylcarbamates and anilinopyrimidines for B. cinerea [40]. 

Two types of thermoset polyimides are currently prepared commercially. They are based on low molecular weight bis imides such as bis maleimides or bis-5-norbomene-2,3-dicarboximides. Due to unsaturations, the materials cross-link by free-radical mechanism into tight networks. Michael type additions of primary and secondary amines to the bis maleimides are often used to chain-extend them before cross-linking. This reduces the cross-linking density and the brittleness [115]. The materials are designated by the term PMR, for polymerizable monomeric reactants. 

NBE dicarboximides and subsequent cyclopolymerization of Meldrum s acid-containing 1,6-hexadiynes (72) were reported by Choi et al. [46] (Scheme 9.11b). The prepared polymers assembled in core-shell supramolecules (nanospheres), with the inner core being the insoluble polyacetylene block functionalized with Meldrum s acid. Thermal treatment at 240 °C for 10 min led to cross-linking of the inner core (74) by ketene dimerization (Scheme 9.11c). 

Quantitative coulometry, 388 Quantum efficiency, 473, 576 Quantum spin effect, 793 Quantum yield, 467.491. 556 Quaterrylenebis(dicarboximides), 518 Quenching of intersystem crossing, 421 Quinacridone, 529 R... 

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