Cross-coupling Group 8/9 metal-catalyzed 49 without

Finally, coupling reactions that occur without a leaving group, a main group metal reagent, or both have been reported. These "direct arylation" reactions are a form of C-H bond activation, typically of aromatic or heteroaromatic C-H bonds. Due to the close relationship between these processes and cross-coupling reactions, however, direct arylations are described in the final section of this chapter after copper-catalyzed coupling processes. 

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