Critical path analysis chapter

Compares tasks completed and milestones achieved to the project schedule, perhaps using periodic updates of a critical path method (CPM) analysis as described in the next chapter. If critical tasks are or soon will be behind schedule, takes corrective actions discussed in that chapter. As noted earlier in this chapter, the project manager may also use the earned value method (EVM) to monitor planned costs, actual costs, and the value of results produced. 

From hindsight analyses of accidents by Heinrich (Heinrich, 1959), Turner (Turner, 1978), Leplat (Leplat, 1987), Reason (Reason, 1997), etc., it is known that failures or deviations in normal operations are present prior to, and are directly related with, an accident. From hindsight analysis as reported in FACTS, the failures or deviations as well as the accident trajectory or causal path, of 70 accidents are known. To derive the risk coverage area these deviations, are placed in the risk matrix. The only deviations taken into account are those which occur in the operational process and are part of the accident trajectory or causal path prior to the critical events as described in FACTS. So the latent conditions lying behind these operational deviations as described by Reason (Reason, 1997) are not yet taken into account but will be discussed in the following Chapter. 

Crack closure can strongly affect fatigue and CF [45]. This phenomenon is based on crack surface contact during unloading, critically at stress intensity levels above zero and apphed-positive values. Crack wake contact is caused by corrosion debris, plasticity, crack path roughness, or phase transformation products each mechanism may be sensitive to aqueous environmental reactions [6]. To account for closure, dfl/dN is correlated with an effective stress intensity range that is defined operationally as the difference between appUed and the level where surface contact is resolved (see Data Analysis and Evaluation in this chapter). 

Quantification in omics generally falls into two categories, i.e., relative and absolute quantifications. The former measures the pattern change of the lipid species in a lipidome, which can be used as a tool for readout after stimulation or for biomarker discovery. The latter determines the mass levels of individual lipid species, and then each individual lipid subclass and class of a lipidome. Measurement of the changed mass levels of individual lipid elass, subelass, and molecular species is critical for elucidation of biochemical mechanism(s) responsible for the changes and for path-way/network analysis in addition to serving as a tool for readout after a perturbation or for biomarker diseovery. Thus, only the latter case is extensively discussed in this and the following chapters. 

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