Critical length pullout

Fig. 9.5 Critical length pullout curves for (a) curaua fiber/polyester (b) coir fiber lyester, (c) sisal fiber/polyester, and (d) ramie fiber/polyester...

Using the pullout test methodology described in Fig. 9.4, the critical length 4 and corresponding IFSS, t in Equation (9.6), for several lignocellulosic fibers and... 

As the diameter of the fibril decreases, the required critical length decreases, reducing the problem of fibril pullout [34]. 

The AFM chip, containing the AFM cantilever and tip, is then translated away from the polymer surface, resulting in continued bending of the cantilever. The nanotube pulls out of the polymer at a critical bending of the cantilever (b). This bending deflection, D, is calculated from the position of the cantilever before and after the pullout. The nanotube embedded length is calculated by the difference between the nanotube free length in (a) and (b). With permission from to Wiley and Sons (22). 

Fig. 9. A plane strain crack, semi-infinite in length, propagates along the interface of two linearly identical elastic half spaces with a steady state velocity of a under small-scale yielding conditions. The interface is reinforced by polymer chains, (x, y) is the cartesian coordinate frame attached to the moving crack tip. The pullout zone is defined as the region directly ahead of the crack tip in which interface opening is greater than zero but less than the critical value l, i.e. I > 6 (x, t) > 0.

Here do is the critical interface width corresponding to Pc, which will be of order the radius of gyration of the entanglement length, and below which no strength exists, other than that of simple pullout and surface energy terms, as described by the nail solution. Letting the normalized width w = d/dc, this equation becomes... 

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